Verbal but not performance IQ is highly correlated to externalizing behavior in boys with ADHD carrying both DRD4 and DAT1 risk genotypes

Objective

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often associated with reduced IQ and high levels of externalizing behavior (EB). This study tested if DRD4 7-repeat allele and DAT1 10-repeat allele homzygosity interact in modulating correlations between IQ and EB in affected boys.

Methods

Boys (n = 130) between 6 and 12 years of age diagnosed with ADHD were included in the study. IQ and EB were assessed by WISC-III and Child Behavioral Checklist, respectively. The 40 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) of the DAT1 gene and the 48 bp VNTR of the DRD4 gene polymorphisms were genotyped and 4 subgroups were defined by the presence/absence of the DRD4 7-repeat allele and by the presence/absence of the DAT1 10/10 genotype. Correlation coefficients were compared using the Fisher's Z transformation and regression lines by a Potthoff analysis.

Results

In the total sample, all correlation coefficients between EB score and IQ were non significant. Also, no differences in IQ were observed between the 4 genotype groups. However, different pattern of correlations between IQ and EB score appeared. In boys carrying no or only one genetic risk, IQ and EB score were uncorrelated while in children carrying both risk factors, negative and significant correlations emerged. Notably, correlation of EB to verbal IQ was strong (r = − 0.71) and highly significant (P < 0.01) in boys carrying both risk alleles. All pair-wise comparisons of correlation coefficients were significant for EB–verbal IQ correlation. Test of coincidence of regression lines did not show significant differences.

Conclusions

A specific domain of IQ, namely the verbal quotient is highly correlated to the level of EB in boys with ADHD carrying both dopaminergic risk genotypes. Further investigations are required to replicate these results and determine specificity to ADHD.     

新疆高氟低碘环境与亚临床型克汀病

本文对和田不同类型的碘缺乏病区,采用瑞文联合型中国农村智力常模表,分别随机抽样检查了7～14岁学生130名,并同步检查了听力、四项精神运动及甲状腺功能。高氟低碘病区儿童平均IQ71.09±6.84,平均听阈24.08±13.18dB,骨龄发育落后检出率28.5％,24小时甲状腺吸I~(131)”率59.87±14.63％,TSH 21.09±9.43μU/ml,亚克汀病患病率15.71％;低碘病区平均IQ 77.32±11.54,平均听阈19.91±7.23 dB,骨龄发育落后检出率13.5％,甲状腺吸I~(131)率50.26±19.25％,TSH 11.05±11.49μU/ml,亚克汀病患病率9.36％。补碘对照区平均IQ 95.76±17.52,平均听阈16.08±3.21 dB,骨龄发育落后检出率3.88％,甲状腺吸I~(131)率23.61±11.71％,TSH6.26±2.88μU/mL,亚克汀病患病率为3.20％。上述各项参数和病区之间,均有显著差异。说明在缺碘病区同时并存高氟摄入时,氟可加剧由缺碘而引起的中枢神经损害和体躯发育障碍。在104例精神轻度发育迟泄的儿童中,亚克汀病的检出率69.23％。     

辽宁省大洼县碘缺乏病防治不同时期儿童智力水平分析

目的分析辽宁省大洼县碘缺乏病防治不同时期儿童智力水平。方法在碘缺乏病病区的3个乡4所学校和非病区的2个乡4所学校，以防治前、供应碘盐初期、全民食盐加碘后出生的7～14岁儿童为调查对象，用中国联合型瑞文测验图册（CRT—C）和农村儿童智商常模（CRT—RC2）测验儿童智商（IQ）。结果病区防治前、供应碘盐初期、全民食盐加碘后出生儿童智商分别为（97．4±14.8）、（99．3±14．6）、（107．9±14．3），IQ≤69者分别占4．8％、2．1％、1．1％；同时期非病区出生儿童智商分别为（103．1±14．4）、（103．2±14．5）、（112．1±14．2），IQ≤69者分别占1．4％、1．6％、1．0％；全民食盐加碘后病区、非病区儿童智商均高于相应地区防治前和供应碘盐初期（P〈0．01），而智力落后率则明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论全民食盐加碘后碘缺乏病病区与非病区出生儿童智力水平均有明显提高。     

高压氧对婴幼儿脑损伤运动功能和智力发育的影响

目的观察高压氧对婴幼儿脑损伤的临床治疗作用并探讨其作用机制。方法符合入选标准的脑损伤综合症婴幼儿94例,分为观察组64例和对照组30例,均采用脑活素、VitB6和B12等药物治疗,并给予运动疗法（PT）和作业疗法（OT）等康复治疗,精细运动功能量表（FMFM）评定及发育商（DQ）评分。结果观察组FMFM及DQ评分明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论婴幼儿脑损伤早期使用高压氧治疗明显提高患儿的运动功能和智力发育。高压氧促进有氧代谢的进行和能量的合成,损伤的脑细胞得到补修和康复,而达到治疗的目的。     

早期教育对儿童智力发育影响的效果评价

目的:探讨早期教育对儿童智力发育的影响。方法:采用瑞文智力测验法(简称CRT)对3416例5～12岁儿童进行检测,分为两组,早期教育组1930例和对照组1486例。结果:早期教育组儿童高智商比例占1.17%,低智商比例占0.06%;对照组儿童高智商比例占0.09%,低智商比例占0.94%,两组比较差异有显著性,P<0.05。结论:早期教育对儿童智力有明显促进作用。     

维生素加早期干预对早产低出生体重儿智能发育的影响

目的:了解维生素加早期干预对早产低出生体重儿智能发育的影响。方法:选择2001年12月～2003年12月出生存活的早产儿160例随机分为维生素加干预组和早产对照组,同时收集正常出生体重儿80例为足月对照组。干预组在新生儿期即给予抚触、听背景音乐、看红球等刺激,指导家长在家中进行视听、感知觉及运动方面的干预训练,并于生后2周口服小施尔康滴剂1.0ml/d共8周。对所有儿童每月进行随访,小儿1岁时用婴幼儿智能发育量表Gesell(中国标准化)测定其发育商(Development Quotient DQ)。结果:智能测试综合指标:早产治疗组与早产对照组相比具非常显著性差异(F=9.28,P=0.00);早产治疗组与足月对照组相比无显著性差异(F=0.56,P=0.70);早产对照组与足月对照组相比具非常显著性差异(F=9.96,P=0.00)。维生素加早期干预组在运动能、应物能、言语能、应人能等能区与早产对照组相比,有显著性差异,与正常出生体重儿相比无差异。结论:维生素加早期干预对早产低出生体重儿在婴儿期智能发育方面有良好的促进作用。     

言语交流对阿尔茨海默病患者的智能状态和生活质量的影响

目的从言语交谈护理角度探讨能够延缓阿尔茨海默病进展的措施。方法收取门诊阿尔茨海默病患者资料，随机分为组，给予言语干预。结果言语交谈护理干预组在生活质量上优于对照组，且两组相比有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论言语交谈能够改善阿尔茨海默病的智能状态及生活质量，减慢病情进展。     

鼾症与儿童智商

目的探讨小儿鼾症对智商发育的影响。方法对56例6～7岁鼾症患儿进行智商测试,并与随机抽取的60例同年龄组健康儿童进行对照研究。结果鼾症患儿平均智商为(95.75±17.67)分,同年龄组健康儿童平均智商为(108.03±17.41)分,鼾症患儿智商低下者所占比例8.9%,较正常儿童智商低下者所占比例1.7%明显增加,而正常儿童高智商者比例28.3%,较鼾症患儿高智商者比例10.7%明显增加。结论鼾症患儿智商明显低于同年龄组非鼾症儿童,鼾症可能对儿童智商产生一定的影响。