可行走分娩镇痛应用于潜伏期的临床研究

目的评价可行走分娩镇痛在潜伏期应用的临床效果。研究宫口开张不同大小应用分娩镇痛后的产程进展，对子宫收缩力的影响及新生儿Apgar评分情况。方法确认已临产无内科合并症的初产妇共75例，随机分为三组。Ⅰ组：宫口开张1cm左右；组：宫口开张2～3cm；Ⅲ组为正常对照组未采用分娩镇痛。观察镇痛起效时间、子宫收缩力的变化、总产程、产后出血量、分娩结局及新生儿Apgar评分。结果Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组比较总产程差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组第一产程比较时间延长，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组比较子宫收缩力无明显降低，第一产程中Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组比较子宫收缩力显著降低，P（0．05，Ⅰ组催产素使用率为100％。三组间产后出血、新生儿Apgar评分各组间差异无统计学意义。结论舒芬太尼合并低浓度的罗哌卡因引导下无痛分娩，从潜伏期应用，有明显的分娩镇痛作用，不增加产后出血量，对新生儿的Apgar评分无影响。     

Low birthweight and mortality: the tendency to repeat low birthweight and its association with early neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality

Previous studies have demonstrated the tendency to repeat gestational age and birthweight in successive pregnancies and that this tendency is associated with infant survival. Thus, newborn outcome and survival is less favourable if the gestational age and size departs from this maternal tendency. This paper aims to study diseases or conditions that might be associated with this effect. Data were provided through a linkage between three Danish health registries: the Danish Fertility Database, the National Hospital Registry, and the Registry for Preventive Medicine. Such linkage was possible due to the use of unique ID-person numbers. The study included all 8219 second-order low-birthweight (LBW) singleton Danish births, 1980-94, of whom 7811 were liveborn. It was also required that the mother's first delivery took place during that period. The analysis considered 7803 of these births; eight were excluded due to insufficient information. Of the second-order LBW children, 26% had an elder sibling who was also LBW. Early neonatal mortality of a 'non-repeat' LBW birth was 1.3 times higher than 'repeat' LBW births [53.8 vs. 41.2 per 1000; RR 1.31; 95% CI 1.03, 1.65], as was infant mortality [78.4 vs. 60.8 per 1000; RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.06, 1.56]. Also, proportionately more LBW repeat births had Apgar scores of >or=7 after 1 and 5 min. Overall, repeat second-order LBW babies weighed 68 g more than non-repeat LBW babies (P < 0.001). At term, the weight difference was 160 g higher among repeat LBW births (P < 0.001). The mean number of hospitalisations during the first year of life was lower among repeat than non-repeat LBW babies (2.30 vs. 2.46, P < 0.001), while the mean duration of stay was 23.71 vs. 23.97 days (P > 0.05). Newborn immaturity was the most common diagnosis for hospitalisation, and infections the second most common. There were no differences between repeat and non-repeat LBW births in the proportion with each diagnosis. Apart from the differences in birthweight, we were unable to explain the improved survival for repeat compared with non-repeat LBW babies. Except for differences in Apgar scores, we observed no differences in morbidity based on registered hospitalisations during infancy.     

子宫动脉阻力评分预测子痫前期-子痫及胎儿宫内缺氧

目的:建立子宫动脉阻力评分,探讨预测子痫前期-子痫及胎儿宫内缺氧的临床价值。方法:335例正常孕妇于孕24～28周时,彩色多普勒超声测定左、右侧子宫动脉阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)、收缩期与舒张期血流速度比(S/D)、血流频谱中舒张早期切迹共4项指标。新生儿出生后进行1分钟阿氏评分。分别以子宫动脉RI、PI、S/D的第90、95、97·5百分位值作为各单项指标的候选界值,通过统计学确定各单项指标的预测界值,综合舒张早期切迹观测结果,建立评分系统(UARS),评价预测效果。结果;335例孕妇中25例发展为子痫前期-子痫,310例血压始终保持正常。RI、PI、S/D的预测界值分别为0·65、1·012、3·490。舒张早期切迹的预测界值是单侧或双侧出现舒张早期切迹。各单项指标预测子痫前期-子痫均具有统计学意义(P<0·01)。以UARS≥4分作为预测界值具有显著统计学意义(P<0·01),其RR值为20·439,预测特异性为99·3%,阳性预测值为86·6%,预测效果明显优于各单项预测指标。UARS=4分时,新生儿阿氏1分钟评分均值为7分,随UARS增高,阿氏评分降低。结论:综合子宫动脉相关指标建立的UARS预测子痫前期-子痫及胎儿宫内缺氧具有重要临床意义。     

农村地区实行分娩期连续胎儿监护的比较研究

目的探讨农村基层医疗机构应用连续胎儿监护在减少胎儿宫内窘迫和新生儿窒息中的作用。方法选取2001年1月至2006年7月在我院分娩的孕周≥37周的孕妇为研究对象,根据监护方式分为连续胎心监护组(实验组)和非连续胎心监护组(对照组),分析两组胎儿窘迫检出率及新生儿窒息发生率。结果实验组胎儿窘迫检出率明显升高,两组比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05);新生儿窒息发生率明显下降,两组比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论连续性胎心监护可及时地反映胎儿在宫内缺氧程度及动态变化,筛查胎儿窘迫,预测围出儿结局,减少新生儿窒息的发生,有利于农村地区产科质量的提高。     

Target decision to delivery intervals for emergency caesarean section based on neonatal outcomes and three year follow-up

Objective

To investigate current target decision to delivery intervals (DDIs) for ‘emergency’ caesarean section.

Study design

Prospective observational cohort study in a teaching hospital providing district and tertiary maternity services delivering 6000 babies per annum.

Results

68% Category 1 deliveries were achieved within 30 min and 66% Category 2 within 75 min (26% for antepartum Category 2 deliveries). Category 1 deliveries were quicker using general rather than regional anaesthesia (21 vs. 29 min, odds ratio [OR] for delivery <30 min 4.2, 95%CI 1.3–14.2). 8% Category 1 and 4% Category 2 neonates were acidotic or asphyxiated. The risk of acidosis was not reduced by delivery within 30 min for Category 1 (OR 0.56; 0.11–2.81), or within 75 min for Category 2 (OR 2.72; 0.6–25.1). Three babies were registered with developmental impairment by three years of age; none were Category 1 deliveries.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that clinical triage is effective, with the more compromised fetus delivered more rapidly using general anaesthesia. For Category 1 deliveries a 30 min target DDI is appropriate, although those born after longer DDI did not show developmental impairment. For Category 2 caesarean sections performed for acute fetal distress or concerns, failed instrumental delivery, failure to progress or placental bleeding, a 75 min DDI may be an appropriate target but did not protect against acidosis, asphyxia or developmental impairment. Longer DDIs did not result in unfavourable outcomes for other Category 2 indications.     

Nuchal cord is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome

Objective: The present study was aimed at evaluating the outcome of pregnancies with nuchal cord. Methods: A retrospective population-based study of all deliveries during the years 1988–2003 in a tertiary medical center was conducted. Immediate perinatal outcome of patients with and without nuchal cord was compared. Results: Of 166,318 deliveries during the study period, 14.7% had a nuchal cord, documented at birth (n=24,392). Higher rates of labor induction and non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns were noted among pregnancies with nuchal cord as compared with the control group (30.1% vs. 24.2%; OR=1.3, 95% CI 1.3–1.4, P<0.001 and 4.5% vs. 2.6%; OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.6–1.9, P<0.001; respectively). The cesarean delivery rate was significantly lower among pregnancies with nuchal cord (11.5% vs. 12.7%; OR=0.9, 95% CI 0.8–0.9, P=0.001). Although 1 min Apgar scores lower than 7 were more common in pregnancies with nuchal cord (4.8% vs. 4.4%; OR=1.1, 95% CI 1.01–1.2, P=0.008), these pregnancies actually had lower rates of 5 min Apgar scores less than 7 (0.5% vs. 0.7%; OR=0.8, 95% CI 0.6–0.9, P=0.004). Likewise, the perinatal mortality rate was significantly lower in pregnancies with nuchal cord as compared with the comparison group (11/1,000 vs. 16/1,000; OR=0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.8, P=0.001). Conclusions: Nuchal cord is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Thus, labor induction in such cases is probably unnecessary.Presented in part at the 15th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 25–29 September 2005, Vancouver, Canada.     

羊水性状及脐动脉S/D与新生儿Apgar评分关系的探讨

目的分析羊水指数、脐动脉S/D和新生儿Apgar评分资料,探讨其相互关系。方法37周以上、在分娩前3d内接受了超声检查的孕妇263例为研究对象。年龄（30.37±3.27）岁,孕龄（39.24±1.25）周;排除胎儿畸形、中度以上妊娠高血压综合征、严重孕妇疾病等异常情况。四象限法测量羊水指数,根据内部回声情况对羊水性状进行评价;频谱多普勒超声测量脐带动脉SV、DV和S/D;胎儿出生后进行Apgar 1min评分。统计学相关分析。结果羊水指数和羊水性状与胎儿脐带动脉S/D显示了一致的变化;以胎儿脐带动脉S/D≥3.0,Apgar 1 min评分≤7有22例,二者呈显著相关（R=0.667,P=0.000）;羊水指数和羊水性状与新生儿Apgar 1 min评分也显示了良好的相关性（R分别为0.667,0.513和0.765,P=0.000）。结论羊水指数和羊水性状与胎儿脐带动脉S/D对评价新生儿缺氧有相同的意义。     

单胎初产臀位围产儿预后相关因素分析

目的 探讨臀位新生儿窒息、围产儿死亡的相关因素。方法 回顾分析４７７例单胎初产臀位新生儿Ａpgar评分与孕周、体重、先露类型、分娩方式的关系。结果 臀位早产儿、过期儿、体重〈２kg及阴道分娩的臀位新生儿容易发生窒息（Ｐ〈０．００５,Ｐ〈０．０１）。体重≥２０００g４组间Ａpgar评分较无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论 臀位选择 在３７～４１＾＋６孕周,估计新生儿体重≥２０００g时分娩较合适;及早发现足先露、     

围产期窒息新生儿脐血中血气分析及电解质的变化

目的：观察围产期窒息新生儿脐血中血气分析及电解质的变化。方法：根据诊断标准将新生儿分为围产期窒息组和对照组。在新生儿娩出后,胎盘未娩出前从近胎盘侧抽取脐动脉血约0．5ml,采用美国I－STAT公司生产的血气分析仪,在抽取脐血3min之内检测血气及电解质。结果：围产期窒息组与对照组相比pH值、PO2明显降低,而PCO2则显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）;与此同时两组相比K、Na、Ca^2 差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论：脐动脉血血气分析结合Apgar是判断胎儿新生儿缺氧缺血的敏感的客观指标。     

Apgar score predicts short-term outcome in infants born at 25 gestational weeks

AIM: To identify early predictors of outcome in infants born at 25 gestational weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a regional perinatal database (time-period 1995-2001, total n = 108 000 births) were used. Apgar scores were available in 92 preterm infants, born at 25 + 0 to 25 + 6 gestational weeks, and analyzed in relation to short-term outcome (180-day survival with, or without, severe brain damage defined as intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3-4 or cystic periventricular leukomalacia). Based on multiple logistic regression analyses we constructed graphs of the estimated chance of survival. RESULTS: Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10 min correlated with survival without severe brain damage (p = 0.02, 0.006 and 0.006, respectively). Survival without severe brain damage was higher in singleton than in multiple births (p = 0.03); there was no association with infant gender or mode of delivery. The strongest model for prediction of survival without severe brain damage was based on 5-min Apgar score and the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB), (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Apgar score predicts short-term outcome in extremely preterm infants at 25 gestational weeks. The precision for prediction of outcome increases when Apgar score is combined with CRIB.