Accurate prediction of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy at delivery: a cohort study

Objective: Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major acute neurologic manifestation of perinatal asphyxia associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The study aimed to develop a simple, accurate method of predicting HIE at delivery. Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2009, all HIE cases were identified from the 38,404 deliveries at a single tertiary centre. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis and multivariate logistic regression assessed the ability of clinical and biochemical assessments to predict HIE. Results: Sixty neonates met the HIE criteria: 39 were moderate-severe HIE. Univariate analyses identified clinical neonatal markers (Apgar scores and neonatal resuscitation level) to be better HIE predictors than biochemical markers (umbilical artery pH, base excess and lactate values). Multivariable models using two to four predictors had areas under ROC curves up to 0.98, sensitivities up to 93% and specificities up to 99%. For moderate-severe HIE, the most effective predictor was neonatal resuscitation level and arterial lactate (ROC 0.98, sensitivity 85%, specificity 99%). Conclusion: The combination of umbilical arterial lactate and neonatal resuscitation level provides a rapid and accurate method of predicting moderate-severe HIE that can identify neonates at birth that may benefit from tertiary care and neuroprotective therapies.     

妊娠期麻疹感染对妊娠结局的影响及防治要点

目的:探讨妊娠期麻疹感染对妊娠结局的影响,明确该病的防治要点。方法:选取2014年5月至2016年2月我院收治的妊娠期麻疹感染妇女39例(感染组)及同期到我院接受检查的无麻疹感染孕妇39例(对照组),比较两组Apgar评分、血常规、妊娠结局及心功能、肝功能。结果:两组新生儿Apgar评分无显著差异(P0.05),感染组患者的白细胞异常率、中性粒细胞异常率及低钾血症发生率均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。感染组自然流产7例(17.95%),死胎2例(5.13%),宫内窘迫6例(15.38%),新生儿麻疹3例(7.69%);对照组自然流产2例(5.13%),死胎1例(2.56%),宫内窘迫2例(5.13%)。感染组患者的CK-MB(肌酸激酶同工酶)、CK(肌酸激酶)及ALT(谷丙转氨酶)均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:妊娠期麻疹感染易引起流产、死胎宫内窘迫等不良妊娠结局,产妇心、肝功能异常,临床上应对育龄期及备孕妇女接种麻疹疫苗。     

Assessment of mouth-to-mask ventilation in resuscitation of asphyxic newborn babies. A pilot study

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of mouth-to-mask ventilation (MM) in neonatal asphyxia with bag-and-mask ventilation (BM). A new mouth-to-mask infant resuscitation system was constructed. The study was performed in two university clinics with different resources. The KEM Hospital in Bombay was well equipped and neonatologists took part in all resuscitations; Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dar es Salaam was understaffed and had no physicians available at resuscitation. Therefore, different protocols had to be used. In Bombay, the study period was limited to 5 minutes. If needed, mask ventilation was then replaced by intubation. In Dar es Salaam, MM ventilation was continued for up to 10 minutes, the inspiratory pressure was adjusted to 30 cmH₂O and the ventilation was slow (8–10 breaths/min). In Bombay, 30 babies were allocated to the BM and 24 to the MM groups. In Dar es Salaam 56 were in the BM and 64 in the MM groups. The results for term babies in Bombay and both term and pre-term babies in Dar es Salaam showed no significant differences between the two groups of treatment, as determined by Apgar score 4 at 5 and 10 minutes, number of babies with their first gasp, heart rate >130 beats/min or pulse oximeter values above 75%, all at 5 minutes. An Apgar score 4 at 5 minutes was achieved in more than 75% of all infants, irrespective of treatment. The rates of early neonatal mortality and neonatal convulsions did not differ between the two methods of resuscitation. In Dar es Salaam, the low respiratory frequency used in both groups was associated with a slow increase in heart rate above 130 beats per min. This result indicates that further studies will be needed before such slow respiratory frequencies are used. We conclude that, if adequate training is provided and the respiratory frequency is kept within the normal range, MM ventilation is an alternative to assisted ventilation when no bag and mask is available. However, further studies are necessary, since this method has proved to be tiring and uncomfortable for the resuscitating health personnel.     

Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes. a nation-wide study

Objective: To estimate the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in Denmark.

Methods: A population-based cohort study including all singleton pregnancies in Denmark from 2004 to 2010 (n?=?403?092). Maternal complications during pregnancy and delivery and fetal complications were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision.

Results: The final study population consisted of 398?623 women. Of these, 9014 (2.3%) had GDM. Data were adjusted for maternal age, parity, smoking, gestational age, birth weight, BMI, gender of the fetus and calendar year. The risk of preeclampsia, caesarean section (both planned and emergency) and shoulder dystocia was increased in women with GDM. In the unadjusted analysis, the risk of thrombosis was increased by a factor 2 in the GDM patients, but in the adjusted analysis this association disappeared. Post-partum hemorrhage was similar in the two groups. The GDM women had an increased risk of giving birth to a macrosomic neonate although the unadjusted analysis did not show any difference between the two groups. Low Apgar score was increased in the GDM, but this association disappeared in the adjusted analysis. Stillbirth was comparable in the two groups.

Conclusions: Women with GDM still have increased incidence of obstetric and neonatal complications, which could imply that treatment of women with GDM should be tightened.     

Optimal birth weight percentile cut‐offs in defining small‐ or large‐for‐gestational‐age

Aims: It remains questionable what birth weight for gestational age percentile cut‐offs should be used in defining clinically important poor or excessive foetal growth. We aimed to evaluate the optimal birth weight percentile cut‐offs for defining small‐ or large‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA or LGA). Methods: In a birth cohort‐based analysis of 17 979 120 non‐malformation singleton live births, U.S. 1995–2001, we assessed the optimal birth weight percentile cut‐offs for defining SGA and LGA. The 25th–75th percentile group served as the reference. Primary outcomes are the risk ratios (RR) of neonatal death and low 5‐min Apgar score (<4) comparing SGA or LGA versus the reference group. More than 2‐fold risk elevations were considered clinically significant. Results: The 15th birth weight cut‐off already identified SGA infants at more than 2‐fold risk of neonatal death at pre‐term, term or post‐term, except for extremely pre‐term births <28 weeks (continuous risk reductions over increasing birth weight percentiles). LGA was associated with a reduced risk of low 5‐min Apgar score at pre‐term, but an elevated risk at term and post‐term. The 97th cut‐off identified LGA infants at 2‐fold risk of low 5‐min Apgar at term. Conclusion: The commonly used 10th and 90th birth weight percentile cut‐offs for defining SGA and LGA respectively seem largely arbitrary. The 15th and 97th percentiles may be the optimal cut‐offs to define SGA and LGA respectively.     

非头先露早产胎膜早破42例妊娠结局

目的探讨非头先露早产胎膜早破（preterm premature rupture of membranes,PPROM）的并发症、分娩方式及母婴结局。方法回顾性分析在北京航天总医院分娩的42例非头先露PPROM和178例头先露PPROM的临床资料,对两组并发症、分娩方式及母儿结局进行比较。结果非头先露PPROM在脐带脱垂、羊水过少、1min低Apgar评分、死胎死产、新生儿死亡的发生率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P值分别为〈0.001、〈0.001、〈0.001、〈0.035、〈0.001）。非头先露PPROM组剖宫产率明显高于对照组（P〈0.001）;采取多因素Logistic回归分析,非头先露PPROM组脐带脱垂（P=0.021,OR=0.073）,1min低Ap-gar评分（P=0.018,OR=0.092）的发生率显著增高,PPROM组脐带脱垂的发生率明显高于同期足月PROM组（4.1%vs0.5%）,且同期非头先露PROM组脐带脱垂的发生率明显高于同期头先露PROM组（2.6%vs0.5%）,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论非头先露PPROM是脐带脱垂、1min低Apgar评分的危险因素,剖宫产是非头先露PPROM较为安全的分娩方式,如阴道分娩需提高臀位助产技术。     

无应激试验和缩宫素激惹试验联合预测胎儿窘迫的临床价值

目的 探讨无应激试验(NST)和缩宫素激惹(OCT)试验联合胎心监护预测胎儿窘迫的临床价值.方法 产前对540例的孕妇行NST+OCT试验,460例行重复NST试验胎心监护预测胎儿窘迫,400例为对照组.产时观察羊水性状及产后新生儿Apgar评分.结果(1)NST+OCT组、重复NST组和对照组胎儿窘迫和新生儿窒息的发生比例,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)OCT阳性组胎儿窘迫发生比例为59.3%(96/162),新生儿窒息为8.6%(14/162);重复NST异常组胎儿窘迫发生比例为21.7%(93/340),新生儿窒息为2.5%(10/340),OCT阳性组胎儿窘迫和新生儿窒息发生比例高于重复NST异常组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);(3)NST+OCT试验预测胎儿窘迫的灵敏度为82.1%(96/117),特异度为84.4%(357/423),符合率为83.9%(453/540);(4)重复NST试验预测胎儿窘迫的灵敏度为87.7%(93/106),特异度为30.2%(107/354),符合率为43.5%(2001460).结论 (1)NST和OCT胎心监护不增加胎儿窘迫和新生儿窒息的发生比例;(2)NST+OCT联合试验用于预测胎儿窘迫比重复NST试验更有应用价值,很大程度上提高了诊断准确率,为积极治疗提供可靠的依据,有助于降低围生儿窒息率及病死率,值得在临床广泛推广应用.