加强口腔实验教学平台的建设培养学生创新意识

为了提高口腔实验教学水平，本文从建立口腔实验平台，改进教学方法，改革实验考核体系等方面入手，使得学生的动手能力和创新意识明显增强，大大地激发了学生的学习兴趣，发挥了学生的综合潜能，培养了学生的创新精神。     

From conflict to collaboration? Contrasts and convergence in the development of nursing and management theory (1)

AIM: This is the first of two papers which examine the development of theory in the occupations of management and nursing, in order to determine where the similarities and differences lie. BACKGROUND: The need for the Health Service to be effectively managed was a prominent feature of UK health policy in the 1980s and early 1990s and accounts of the introduction of 'management methods' into health care tend to focus on the conflict between management and nursing. More recently, however, the policy emphasis has shifted towards collaborative and co-operative approaches to the provision of health care. METHOD: An examination of the development of nursing is conducted as the first step in identifying areas of contrast and convergence in the development of nursing and managerial ideologies. In the second paper a similar approach is taken to the history of management. CONCLUSION: Nursing has been subject to a succession of ideologies aimed at advancing practice, however, many of these approaches have been accepted in an uncritical way. In the second paper the similarities in the development of management thought are examined and the implications this has for nursing management explored.     

妇科名中医夏桂成学术思想继承方法探析

通过对妇科名中医夏桂成学术理论源流梳理,探寻所创方剂与理论之间的关系及配伍演变规律,运用数据挖掘方法深层探寻临床辨病、辨证、辨周期、治法、用方、用药等多层次的思辨规律,进而探求夏桂成教授临证思维模式,为名老中医学术思想继承工作提供思路。     

Public health expenditure and spatial interactions in a decentralized national health system

One of the limitations of cross-country health expenditure analysis refers to the fact that the financing, the internal organization and political restraints of health care decision-making are country-specific and heterogeneous. Yet, a way through is to examine the influence of such effects in those countries that have undertaken decentralization processes. In such a setting, it is possible to examine potential expenditure spillovers across the geography of a country as well as the influence of the political ideology of regional incumbents and institutional factors on public health expenditure. This paper examines the determinants of public health expenditure within Spanish region-states (Autonomous Communities, ACs), most of them subject to similar financing structures although exhibiting significant heterogeneity as a result of the increasing decentralization, region-specific political factors along with different use of health care inputs, economic dimension and spatial interactions.     

“We Do What We Think Is the Best”—A Content Analysis of Experiences of Alcohol Problem Prevention in Sweden. A Short Report

This short report describes an ongoing project whose aim was to explore how respondents from local institutions in a Swedish municipality describe their efforts in preventing alcohol consumption and related problems. Data were collected in focus group interviews, conducted during 2003 with key informants, comprising middle-ranking civil servants from different administrative sectors such as school, social welfare, and the public health office, in four Swedish municipalities: one city district, one town, and two small municipalities. We identified low knowledge of evidence-based methods for prevention of alcohol consumption–related problems and a lack of consistent focus on strategies known to be effective. The main target group for preventive efforts was identified as young people and the most common setting mentioned was the schools. Further, the key informants appeared to regard a wide range of activities as being community alcohol and drug use prevention. Generally these activities also lacked specification. Increased knowledge of alcohol and drug use prevention methods that are effective at the local level is needed within Swedish municipalities, as is greater understanding of how to implement those methods.     

Drug Use and Abuse: Some Culture-Crossing Questions

Abstract

The relationships between authoritarian ideology and attitudes and beliefs about illegal drugs, the War on Drugs, and prevention strategies were investigated among 353 university faculty, administrators, and students. A confidential mail survey assessed five variables: right-wing authoritarianism, attitude toward drug legalization, attitude toward drug decriminalization, belief regarding the controlled use of illegal drugs, and the tendency to endorse a “just say no” approach to substance abuse prevention. Multivariate analyses revealed that highly authoritarian participants were significantly more opposed to both drug legalization and drug decriminalization than less authoritarian participants. Only nonauthoritarian participants favored decriminalization, though they did not favor legalization. Compared to those scoring lower on authoritarianism, higher-scoring authoritarian participants held significantly more dichotomous beliefs about illegal drugs (i.e., that abstinence or compulsive drug abuse are the only possibilities related to involvement with illegal drugs). They were also less likely to recommend to potential drug users that they consider following guidelines for their use that may potentially function as protective factors against drug abuse, preferring instead to endorse the slogan “just say no to drugs.” Comparisons between groups revealed that students scored significantly higher on authoritari anism and demonstrated significantly greater opposition to drug decriminalization than did faculty and administrators.     

口腔潜在恶性病变的无创筛查及管理

口腔潜在恶性病变（oral potential malignant disorders, OPMDs）是一类发生在口腔黏膜、具有癌变潜能的疾病总称,对OPMDs进行有效筛查及管理对于阻断其癌变进程和提高患者生活质量均具有重要意义。现就OPMDs的无（微）创筛查技术、管理理念以及笔者课题组的临床实践体会进行总结。     

La « démentification subjective » comme effet de l’idéologie Alzheimer

ObjectivesIn clinical practice, there is a strong tendency to interpret any elderly patient's disorder as dementia. The purpose of this paper is to identify the origins, the operating mechanisms, and the subjective consequences of this. It also seeks to propose a model for understanding and dealing with this gerontological doxa.MethodBased on our clinical experience in institutions, we will analyze the articulation between current geriatric ideology and subjective dementia assessments in gerontological practices. We will first outline the theoretical and contextualized reconceptualization of Alzheimer's disease, aging, and the cognitive symptom. Then, we will identify the impact of these conceptions in practices with elderly subjects. Finally, we will identify the individual and institutional attitudes that can result from this.ResultUntil the 1970s, the diversity of international geriatric conceptions was proportional to the clinical complexity of the aging process and to the demential state of the elderly subject. The reconceptualization of senile and pre-senile dementia as a disease that is specific to aging, combined with decisive socio-cultural transformations, imposed a biomedical reading of the problems of aging. Stemming from an American leadership that completely shaped the orientation of the emerging dominant discourse, the model of an expanded Alzheimer's disease is now conditioning the monocentric ways of approaching the variety of geriatric clinical phenomena. In practice, this results in the elderly adult's behavior being consistently interpreted as dementia, resulting in a subjective dementification.DiscussionSubjective dementification is what we refer to as the delirious psychic effects of this dementia interpretation as applied to clinical situations of the aging subject, regardless of whether or not there is a probable cerebral problem. It is the product of a double mechanism that we call psychic decerebration and push-to-dementia. The phenomenon of subtraction from the faculty of thinking is thus linked to the process of stripping meaning from the manifestations of the elderly subject and replacing them with dementia identity elements via the discourse and attitudes of the social circle. Depending on the clinical situation, this double operation will have various subjective effects that oscillate between two poles: an increase in symptoms in the case of a probable neurodegenerative pathology, and the creation of an artificial dementia-like picture that is more or less marked in the case of a misdiagnosis or abusive labeling. In this context, support for the elderly subject involves the need to treat the Other. In the vein of the etiological model supported by the British psychiatrist Martin Roth at the dawn of psychogeriatrics, we posit that only a simultaneous questioning of the organic, psychic, and toxic dimensions – through a clinical practice rooted in a relationship with the Other – can effectively grasp geriatric problems and challenges.ConclusionFaced with the diversity of aging disorders, clinical practice with geriatric subjects must, above all, be introspective. The guarantee of the subject's dignity and freedom is in fact conditioned by the ability of those who surround and accompany the elderly adult to resist Alzheimer's ideology.     

对“课程思政”与“思政课程”同向同行的理论解析

2016年12月7日,习近平总书记在北京召开的全国高校思想政治工作会议上的重要讲话精神是“课程思政”的起缘。从此,“课程思政”在高校成了高频词。要求各高校要以育人育才为目标,承担起立德树人的重要使命;要把握培养什么样的人、如何培养人以及为谁培养人这个根本性的问题。为此,各高校积极行动,力争门门课程有思政,担当起既要专业育人,又要德育育人的重托。而笔者认为“思政课程”是“课程思政”的基础,做到“课程思政”与“思政课程”同向同行、教学相长,才能产生协同效应,发挥协同作用;才能肩负起祖国重任,为国家、为社会培养出更多、更优秀的以德为先、技能高超的社会主义建设者和接班人。     

Let's be professional about this: ideology and the psychological contracts of registered nurses

AIMS: This study explores whether there is evidence of an ideological component in the psychological contracts of professional employees, as well as evidence of credible supporting commitments by their employer. BACKGROUND: Fundamental changes in the employment context have prompted many individuals to seek a closer alignment between themselves and their work, as well as with the organizational and broader societal contexts. For many professional employees identification with their professional ideology is a significant factor in producing such an alignment. METHOD: The study uses an exploratory qualitative approach to analyse interview data collected from a sample of registered nurses employed in an Australian public hospital. RESULTS: The analysis identifies psychological contract terms best understood by reference to an ideological currency. It also suggests that the organization is perceived as obligated to provide credible support for that professional contribution, and the perceived lack of such support has significant impacts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings raise doubts about the utility of the concept of a psychological contract that recognizes only economic and socio-emotional exchanges for understanding the psychological contracts of professional employees.