建立中医特色卒中单元模式探讨

卒中单元是目前治疗卒中的最有效的方法 ,中医的特色是整体观念和辨证论治 ,把二者结合起来 ,建立有中医特色的卒中单元模式 ,从而提高我国脑卒中病人的生存率和生活质量。     

旋毛虫排泄分泌抗原的成分及应用价值

旋毛虫病是一种重要的人畜共患寄生虫病，长期以来用于免疫诊断和免疫预防的旋毛虫抗原，尤其是排泄分泌（ES）抗原引起了国内外众多学者的关注。本文综述了近年来旋毛虫ES抗原有效成分的研究及其在免疫诊断和免疫预防方面的应用价值，并且提出应用DNA重组技术在体外大量表达ES抗原和利用多肽合成技术在体外大量合成抗原用于免疫诊断和免疫预防将是今后的研究方向。     

Molecular variability of sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and five potyviruses infecting sweet potato in China

To obtain a better understanding of the molecular variation of sweet potato viruses in China, 131 samples were collected from symptomatic sweet potato plants and used for RT-PCR analysis of the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene sequence of sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and the coat protein (CP) gene sequences of five potyviruses (SPFMV, SPVC, SPVG, SPLV and SPV2). The hsp70 sequences that were obtained provided evidence for the presence of two distinct strains of SPCSV. Analysis of the CP sequences amplified from the samples indicated that all five potyviruses infect sweet potato in China, and three different strains of SPFMV and two of SPVG were found.     

Molecular characteristics and evolutionary analysis of field Marek’s disease virus prevalent in vaccinated chicken flocks in recent years in China

Marek’s disease is a highly contagious, oncogenic, and immunosuppressive avian viral disease. Surveillance of newly registered Marek’s disease virus (MDV) isolates is meaningful for revealing the potential factors involved in increased virulence. Presently, we have focused on the molecular characteristics of all available MDVs from China, including 17 new Henan isolates. Based on Meq, gE, and gI genes, we found that most Chinese isolates contain conserved amino acid point mutations in Meq, such as E⁷⁷, A¹¹⁵, A¹³⁹, R¹⁷⁶, and A²¹⁷, compared to USA virulent MDVs. However, the 59-aa or 60-aa insertions are only found in a few mild MDVs rather than virulent MDVs in China. Further phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that a different genotype of MDV has been prevalent in China, and for virulent MDVs, their recent evolution has possibly been geographically restricted. Our study has provided more detailed information regarding the field MDVs circulating in China.     

Regioselective C–H sulfenylation of N-sulfonyl protected 7-azaindoles promoted by TBAI: a rapid synthesis of 3-thio-7-azaindoles

This paper describes the regioselective C-3 sulfenylation of N-sulfonyl protected 7-azaindoles with sulfonyl chlorides. In this transformation, dual roles of TBAI serving as both promoter and desulfonylation reagent have been demonstrated. The reaction proceeded smoothly under simple conditions to afford 3-thio-7-azaindoles in moderate to good yields with broad substrate scopes. This protocol refrains from using transition-metal catalysts, strong oxidants or bases, and shows its practical synthetic value in organic synthesis.

A novel, practical and highly regioselective TBAI promoted C-3 sulfenylation reaction of N-sulfonyl protected 7-azaindoles with sulfonyl chlorides is presented here.     

农林院校制药工程专业课程分析与建议

分析了《制药工程本科专业教学质量国家标准》及建议开设课程,比较了化工医药类院校、农林类院校制药工程专业课程与标准建议课程设置之间的差异,并根据农林类院校制药工程专业人才能力培养的要求及就业存在的问题,提出了农林类院校制药工程专业在体现办学特色的同时应加强工程类课程开设的建议,以体现制药工程专业人才培养的工程特征,拓展人才的就业渠道和深造空间。     

门冬氨酸鸟氨酸联合醒脑静治疗肝性脑病患者疗效及其对血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的 探讨应用门冬氨酸鸟氨酸联合醒脑静治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发肝性脑病(HE)患者的疗效及其对认知功能和血清炎症因子水平的影响。方法 将62例乙型肝炎肝硬化并发HE患者随机分为观察组31例和对照组31例,在常规治疗的基础上分别给予醒脑静或醒脑静联合门冬氨酸鸟氨酸静脉滴注,两组均持续治疗2周。采用ELISA法检测血清白介素-6(IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,应用数字连接试验(NCT)、数字符号试验(DS)、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)和长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)行认知功能评价。结果 在治疗2周末,观察组病死率为19.4%,显著低于对照组的35.5%(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组MMSE评分为(28.1±3.2)分,显著高于对照组【(22.1±2.8)分,P<0.05】,HDS评分为(27.7±2.6)分,显著高于对照组【(19.0±2.1)分,P<0.05】,DS评分为(60.7±1.9)分,显著高于对照组【(43.1±4.0)分,P<0.05】,而NCT用时为(51.6±5.9)s,显著短于对照组【(62.4±6.5)s,P<0.05】;观察组血清IL-6水平为(11.8±0.9)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(14.9±1.0)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清CRP水平为(13.6±1.7)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(15.5±1.9)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清TNF-α水平为(12.0±1.0)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(15.9±1.2)ng/L,P<0.05】;观察组血氨(NH₃)水平为(54.9±5.6)μmol/L,显著低于对照组【(85.3±8.7)μmol/L,P<0.05】,而两组血清胆红素和白蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 应用门冬氨酸鸟氨酸联合醒脑静治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发HE患者有一定的效果,在综合治疗的基础上可降低近期病死率,可能与有效地抑制了机体的炎症反应,降低血NH₃水平有关,其远期疗效仍有待于进一步观察。     

miR-221/222与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展

微小RNA-221/222(miR-221/222)是一类与肿瘤发生密切相关的微小RNA,异常表达存在于机体多系统、多步骤、多位点肿瘤的分化发展进程中。miR-221/222通过靶向不同靶基因的信号转导途径发挥着抑癌基因或促癌基因的作用,有望成为恶性肿瘤的生物学标志物和新型治疗靶点。该文就miR-221/222与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展作一综述。     

Water-soluble lanthanide coordination polymers particles with white-light emission and color tuning

Water-soluble polymer particles (PPs) with strong fluorescence emission were prepared from hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and terpyridine-bearing aldehyde (TPy) via Schiff base reaction and self-assembly in aqueous phase. TPy/PEI PPs were then used to develop a series of luminescent lanthanide coordination polymers particles (Ln-CPPs). The optical properties of these Ln-CPPs are readily modulated over a wide spectrum in water systems. Finally, water-soluble white-emitting Ln-CPPs were achieved by controlling the lanthanide ion stoichiometry. This Ln-CPPs design approach offers a robust pathway for white-luminescent materials in water systems.

Water-soluble polymer particles (PPs) with strong fluorescence emission were prepared from hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and terpyridine-bearing aldehyde (TPy) via Schiff base reaction and self-assembly in aqueous phase.

In recent decades, dynamic metal coordination polymers (M-CPs) have attracted great interest in catalysis, drug delivery, chemical sensors and bioanalysis applications.^1–7 M-CPs are constructed from metal ions and organic ligands with a variety of structures and interesting properties for many potential applications. M-CPs acting as chemical sensors are mainly explored by making use of their luminescence properties.^8–10 The luminescent M-CPs can emit a stable and intense luminescent emission, so some substances can be detected by observing changes in luminescence intensity. It is well known that lanthanide ions have high color purity and long lifetime excitation lifetime, and the emission covers the entire visible range of 400 to 700 nm. In particular, Eu(iii) and Tb(iii) ions can emit intense red and green light, respectively. Lanthanide coordination polymers (Ln-CPs) are promising luminescent materials because lanthanide ions have similar chemical properties and two or more lanthanide ions can be randomly distributed in coordination polymers with metal sites, which can modulate the color and brightness of the emission.¹¹ For the above reasons, Ln-CPs have attracted the attention of many scientists and have been effectively used to design multiple color and white light emitting materials. For example, He and co-workers¹² developed a new fluorophore that exhibits white light by combining an Eu(iii) moiety (red emission) with an organic ligand (blue and green emission). Ma et al.¹³ reported a white-light-emitting La(iii)/Tb(iii)/Eu(iii) coordination polymers based on combination of blue-emitting ligand/La(iii), green-emitting Tb(iii) and red-emitting Eu(iii) units. Song et al.¹⁴ developed a white-light-emitting compound by doping a Eu(iii) ion into the Gd(iii) framework.Meanwhile, the selection of suitable ligands plays a crucial role in the synthesis of Ln-CPs with good luminescent properties, since organic ligands can be used not only as building blocks for the construction of new backbones of Ln-CPs, but also as effective sensitizer for Ln(iii) ions.^15,16 However, ligands are generally poorly water soluble, which limits the practical sensing application in environmental and biological systems.¹⁷ An efficient strategy to promote dispersion in water is to prepare Lanthanide coordination polymer particles (Ln-CPPs) by miniemulsion method, reprecipitation method, and so on.¹⁸ Nevertheless, several drawbacks still exist for their preparation and application, such as sophisticated multistep synthetic pathways, use of environmentally unfriendly organic solvents, and the possibility of fluorescence self-quenching in aqueous solution. Therefore, the systematic investigation of water-soluble Ln-CPPs with white-light emission is quite rare. More research studies are urgently needed to accelerate the development of white-light luminescent Ln-CPPs in the water system.Based on the above considerations, we rationally designed water-soluble polymer particles with blue emission and selected Tb(iii)/Eu(iii) to construct white-light-emitting Ln-CPPs (Fig. 1). The water-soluble polymer particles were constructed from hyperbranched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and terpyridine-bearing aldehyde (TPy) via Schiff base reaction and self-assembly. Structural characterization and luminescence properties in the water system of Ln-CPPs are studied in detail. An important clue could be obtained from the result that Ln-CPPs constructed by terpyridine ligands can maintain their structural and luminescent properties in the water system. This research also provides a basis for realizing the controllability of water-soluble white-light-emitting Ln-CPPs in the future.Open in a separate windowFig. 1Schematic preparation of TPy/PEI PPs and Ln(III) coordination-based luminescent polymer particles (Ln-CPPs) under UV light (λ_ex = 365 nm).Synthesis of the TPy/PEI PPs is based on facile Schiff base reaction, which refers to the reaction between primary amine on PEI and aldehyde group on TPy, resulting in a product containing C N bonds. Moreover, the diluted TPy/PEI PPs solution emits blue fluorescence under a 365 nm UV lamp. Fig. 2A displays the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the TPy/PEI PPs solution, and the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths are 330 and 448 nm, respectively. The UV-vis absorption spectra of TPy/PEI PPs, PEI and TPy were shown in Fig. S4.^† Compared with TPy, the absorption peak at 250 nm in TPy/PEI PPs solution is weakened, which may be due to the decolorization effect caused by the formation of copolymer by TPy and PEI. In addition, the absorption peak at 335 nm in TPy/PEI PPs solution is attributed to n → π* transitions of C N bonds.^18,19 These phenomena indicated TPy/PEI PPs were a newly generated subject.Open in a separate windowFig. 2(A) Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of TPy/PEI PPs (0.01 g mL⁻¹). (Inset) Photographs of TPy/PEI PPs under visible light and UV light of 365 nm. (B) FT-IR spectra of TPy/PEI, PEI, and TPy.The morphologies of TPy/PEI PPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fig. S5A^† is a TEM image and reveals that the TPy/PEI PPs are monodisperse spherical shape with the size distribution in the range of 26–50 nm. Formation of water-soluble nanoparticles is due to the following factors. In TPy/PEI copolymer, ample amine groups and pyridinium groups are hydrophilic, whereas Schiff base bonds are hydrophobic. As a result, the hyperbranched structure of TPy/PEI copolymer tends to fold and collapse, shrinking and self-assembling into uniform polymer nanoparticles in aqueous medium.¹⁸ Many hydrophilic groups on the surface of TPy/PEI PPs make the excellent water dispersity possible. To further explore the chemical composition of TPy/PEI PPs, we performed FT-IR spectra of PEI, TPy, and TPy/PEI PPs (Fig. 2B). Several featured vibration bands at 3284 and 1590 cm⁻¹ in PEI are associated with the stretching vibration of N–H bond, and their intensity is decreased in TPy/PEI PPs, which indicates that some amine groups have reacted with TPy. In addition, another remarkable new peak at 1630 cm⁻¹ was observed in TPy/PEI PPs, which can be assigned to the C N bond.^20–25 Meanwhile, a new peak at 8.37 ppm was observed in the ¹H NMR spectra of TPy/PEI PPs (Fig. S6^†), which can be assigned to N CH protons.²⁶ The monitoring of the aldehyde conversion into imine units can be carried out by measuring the CH̲O/CH̲ N integral ratio, and the conversion rate of the aldehyde into imine units is 69%. The estimation of the conversion rate from the ¹H-NMR spectrum agrees well with the calculation from the weighting measurements with a conversion rate of 73%. These analysis results well demonstrated the formation of Schiff base bonds between TPy and PEI.TPy/PEI PPs possess intrinsic fluorescence, good water solubility, and functional terpyridine structure unit, allowing us to incorporate the Ln(iii)-TPy coordination complexes into polymer networks. With the incremental addition of Tb(NO₃)₃ to the TPy/PEI PPs solution (2% v/v), the TPy : Ln ratio is 2 : 1, which produces green-luminescent Ln-CPPs, GL CPPs (τ = 0.35 ms, Φ = 4.3%, CIE coordinates (0.27, 0.36), Fig. S7, S8 and Table S1^†). In the corresponding emission spectrum, a decrease in the luminescence intensity of the ligand centred emission band at 448 nm with the concomitant emergence of sharp bands at 489 nm, 544 nm, 583 nm, and 622 nm was observed (Fig. S7^†). A decrease in the luminescence intensity of the central emission band of the ligand was observed. These emission bands were assigned to ⁵D₄–⁷F₆, ⁵D₄–⁷F₅, ⁵D₄–⁷F₄, and ⁵D₄–⁷F₃ based transitions, respectively, for Tb(iii).^27–30 A similar procedure was observed upon addition of Eu(NO₃)₃ to the TPy/PEI PPs solution with the occurrence of five characteristic Eu(iii)-based emission bands having maxima at 579 nm (⁵D₀–⁷F₀), 592 nm (⁵D₀–⁷F₁), 617 nm (⁵D₀–⁷F₂), 649 nm (⁵D₀–⁷F₃), and 687 nm (⁵D₀–⁷F₄), resulting in a clear red-luminescent Ln-CPPs, RL CPPs (τ = 0.81 ms, Φ = 11.3%, CIE coordinates (0.52, 0.29)). These emission spectra demonstrate that Ln³⁺ (Eu³⁺ or Tb³⁺) ions were successfully doped to the TPy/PEI PPs. More importantly, strong fluorescence could still be detected even after these Ln-CPPs were stored for over a week, implying that the coordination between the TPy/PEI PPs and Ln³⁺ ions is very stable. The interactions between the TPy/PEI PPs and Ln³⁺ ions were further monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy (Fig. S9^†). Strong absorbent bands at 3256, 1549 and 1398 cm⁻¹ in TPy/PEI PPs are attributed to the stretching vibrations of N–H bond.^18,19 After the formation of RL CPPs, GL CPPs or WL CPPs using Ln³⁺ ions, a dramatically red shift appeared, which indicated the coordination of the TPy/PEI PPs to Ln³⁺ ions. The medium-to-weak bands at 760 cm⁻¹ for RL CPPs, 769 cm⁻¹ for GL CPPs and 765 cm⁻¹ for WL CPPs are observed as additional evidence of the Ln–N formation.³¹Next we investigated how to modulate the emission of polymer particles by adjusting the stoichiometry of the two lanthanide chromophores. Titration of the Tb/Eu molar ratio resulted in a series of Ln-CPPs with a broad spectrum of emission under UV irradiation (Fig. 3A). By testing the emission spectrum (Fig. 3B and C), it was found that the intensity of the green band at 544 nm increased gradually at the expense of the intensity of the red band at 616 nm as a function of Tb/Eu molar ratio. Interestingly, an intense white-luminescent Ln-CPPs, WL CPPs (CIE coordinates (0.33, 0.34)), were observed when the Eu/Tb molar ratio was 1 : 4. The smart illumination control strategy here provides a simple design approach for broad-spectrum color adjustment of luminescent polymer materials.Open in a separate windowFig. 3Luminescence tuning: (A) photographs of Ln-CPPs under UV irradiation, corresponding CIE coordinates are mentioned below; (B) emission spectra (λ_ex = 330 nm) of Ln-CPPs and (C) Job''s plot showing the peak emission intensity of the red band at 544 nm and green band at 616 nm as a function of the Tb/Eu molar ratio (1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, 5 : 1, 6 : 1, 7 : 1, and 8 : 1).In conclusion, we created polymer particles with blue emission from PEI and TPy via Schiff base reaction and self-assembly under mild conditions. The structural characterization and the fundamental properties of the TPy/PEI PPs have been studied. Because of the specific structure, the TPy/PEI PPs exhibit excellent water solubility. Furthermore, we have used the TPy/PEI PPs to develop a series of luminescent Ln-CPPs with Eu(iii), Tb(iii), and mixed Eu(iii)/Tb(iii) in aqueous medium. The individual Ln-CPPs exhibited bright red (Eu-CPPs) and green (Tb-CPPs) fluorescence upon exposure to UV light (λ_ex = 365 nm). Careful tuning of the stoichiometric ratio of Eu(iii) and Tb(iii) helped in achieving water-soluble white-emitting Ln-CPPs, which could offer a suitable pathway for preparing white-luminescent materials in water systems. Due to their stability in water, in our next work efforts will be focused on exploring their potential applications in biological and environmental areas as luminescence sensing and quantitative detection materials.     

Synthesis and properties of porous CLEAs lipase by the calcium carbonate template method and its application in biodiesel production

In this work, porous cross-linked enzyme aggregates (p-CLEAs) were synthesized by the in situ co-precipitation method using CaCO₃ microparticles as templates. The preparation procedure involved the immobilization of crude lipase as CLEAs via precipitation with ammonium sulfate and entrapping these lipase molecules into the CaCO₃ templates, followed by DTT (dithiothreitol)-induced assembly of lipase molecules to form lipase microparticles (lipase molecules were assembled into microparticles internally using disulfide bonds within the lipase molecules as the molecular linkers and stimulated by dithiothreitol); finally, the removal of CaCO₃ templates was performed by EDTA to form pores in CLEAs. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of p-CLEAs showed a porous structure. p-CLEAs showed obvious improvement in thermal stability (after incubation at 65 °C, p-CLEAs lipase retained 86% relative activity, while free lipase retained only 33.67%) and pH stability (p-CLEAs relative activity was over 90% while for free lipase, the relative activity ranged from 72% to 89% from pH 6 to 9) than free lipase and could hold relatively high activity retention without activity loss at 4 °C for more than six months. The application of p-CLEAs in producing biodiesel showed a higher degree of conversion. The conversion of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was 89.7%; this value was higher by approximately 7.4% compared to that of the conventional CLEAs under the optimized conditions of a methanol–oil molar ratio of 6 : 1, with a p-CLEAs lipase dose of 20% and water content of 3% at 45 °C for 24 h. The FAME conversion remained greater than 70% even after reusing the p-CLEAs lipase for 8 reactions. The results demonstrated that the p-CLEAs lipase is suitable for applications in the preparation of biodiesel.

Porous cross-linked enzyme aggregates (p-CLEAs) were synthesized. This p-CLEAs presented a complete structure with abundant channels, large specific surface and more efficient catalytic effect compared with conventional CLEAs.