鞍山市学生常见病调查及相关因素分析

目的 调查鞍山市学生常见病情况,并对其相关因素进行分析。方法 2018年9～11月选择鞍山市1个城区和1个县(铁东区和千山区),共监测13所学校,其中城区8所学校,县5所学校,其中包含小学到大学,调查学生常见病发生情况,分析不同年级、性别、地区学生常见病差异性。结果 鞍山市学生视力不良检出率最高,占53.77%,其次为恒牙龋齿,占21.11%;随着年级的增长视力不良检出率呈现出升高趋势(P0.05);与城区相比,县级学校视力不良、恒牙龋齿检出率明显偏高,且女性高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);随着年级增长,营养不良检出率逐渐降低(P0.05)。结论 鞍山市学生健康状况不容乐观,其中视力不良、龋齿以及营养不良等成为影响学生健康的主要卫生问题,应给予高度重视。     

医学实习生考研动机调查研究

目的通过调查临床医学实习生的考研动机特点,研究其相关影响因素,并结合处于临床实践这一特殊时间段,提出切实可行的措施和方法。方法用问卷方式对我院有考研意向的120名医学实习生进行调查并统计。结果医学实习生考研动机主要包括:(1)实现自我价值;(2)实现职业理想;(3)自我认知兴趣;(4)求知进取;(5)亲人期望;(6)置换专业。结论医学实习生选择考研的主要目的是通过自身的努力,证明自己的实力、实施自我、寻求更好的发展机会,获得自我价值并得到社会承认,开拓潜能、锻炼意志、实现目标,达到自身理想的职业状态。教学医院应积极引导医学生树立正确的考研态度和动机,加强思想教育,增强就业保障、统筹时间安排、合理化考核制度等,实现临床实习、就业与考研兼顾,并在保证临床实践学习质量的基础上,制定各种方法和措施,为医学实习生考研行为提供相关支持和帮助。     

Cluster of Ebola Virus Disease,Bong and Montserrado Counties,Liberia

Lack of trust in government-supported services after the death of a health care worker with symptoms of Ebola resulted in ongoing Ebola transmission in 2 Liberia counties. Ebola transmission was facilitated by attempts to avoid cremation of the deceased patient and delays in identifying and monitoring contacts.     

Enhanced in vitro activity of tigecycline in the presence of chelating agents

The lack of availability of novel antibiotic agents and the rise of resistance to existing therapies has led clinicians to utilise combination therapy to adequately treat bacterial infections. Here we examined how chelators may impact the in vitro activity of tigecycline (TIG) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth dilution with and without various combinations of chelators (EDTA and other tetracyclines) and metal ions (i.e. calcium, magnesium). Trimethoprim (TMP) was used as a non-chelating control. Addition of metal ions led to increases in MICs, whilst addition of EDTA led to decreases in MICs. The chelating effects of EDTA were reversed by addition of magnesium and most profoundly calcium. Similar effects of EDTA and calcium were observed for tetracycline (TET) and TMP. When other tetracyclines (TET, oxytetracycline (OXY) and chlortetracycline (CHL)) were used as chelators at concentrations below their MICs, TIG MICs decreased for P. aeruginosa but not for E. coli. Some decreases in TIG MICs were observed for K. pneumoniae when TET and CHL were added. A dose-dependent decrease in TIG MIC was observed for TET and was reversed by the addition of calcium. The presence of effects of EDTA and calcium on TMP MICs indicates that mechanisms outside of TIG chelation likely play a role in enhanced activity. Full characterisation of an unexpected interaction such as TIG–TET with different microorganisms could provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and design of physiologically viable chelators as candidates for future combinations regimens.     

一起院内感染甲型H3N2流感暴发疫情调查

目的 明确某院内感染流感疫情流行特征及可能的暴发原因,为控制疫情提供科学依据。 方法 制订病例定义进行病例搜索,采取现场流行病学调查方法开展个案调查和现场卫生学调查;采用描述性流行病学和病例对照研究方法,结合病例临床特征和实验室病毒核酸检测结果,分析疫情的流行特征和可能的暴发原因。 结果 此次院内感染疫情共报告实验室确诊病例9人,临床诊断病例8人。发病高峰为5月31日。推算潜伏期最短为1 d,最长4 d,平均为2.6 d;一楼住院病人和护士的发病率差异无统计学意义(P=0.695);护士是否在1楼上班发病率差异有统计学意义(OR=6.60, 95%CI:1.48~29.36);采集10例患者标本进行RT-PCR检测,9例均为H3N2流感病毒核酸阳性;所有护士无流感疫苗免疫接种史;通过对病例的隔离治疗,所有病例病情稳定或痊愈,且在最长潜伏期内无新发病例出现。 结论 本次疫情为一起医院内由新入院患者作为传染源,在护士和其他住院患者间经飞沫传播的甲型H3N2流感暴发疫情;及时进行隔离治疗是最有效的防控措施之一;护士可能是导致此次流感疫情暴发的主要传播者之一;医疗卫生机构工作人员应加强流感疫苗的接种, 以增强免疫力或减轻流感症状。     

《儿科阿奇霉素注射使用的快速建议指南》临床问题与结局指标的调查分析

目的:通过总结《儿科阿奇霉素注射使用的快速建议指南》临床问题与结局指标的前期调查结果,与指南专家评估结果进行对比,探讨开展该工作的意义。方法:通过电子问卷,对临床一线医务人员进行调查,调查内容主要包括参与者的基本信息、对指南拟纳入的临床问题(5分制)和结局指标(9分制)进行重要程度评分以及补充。计算各题平均分,采用变异系数表示一致性,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,对比参与者和专家评估结果,对补充的内容进行描述性分析。结果:共纳入155位参与者的调查结果,各年龄段、文化程度和职称等均有分布。结果显示,注射用阿奇霉素的用法用量(4.56分)和有效性指标(7.28分)最受关注,特殊人群用药(42.71%)和安全性(34.52%)的一致性较差;与专家评估对比分析显示,对于大部分问题和指标,前期调研和专家评估的评分差异无显著性,专家评估的变异系数更低;共收集有效补充15条,最终将新生儿的使用问题纳入。结论:在指南制订前期,有必要对临床问题和结局指标进行广泛调查,收集并分析评估和补充意见,这对指南专家组的评估具有一定的参考意义。     

安徽省省直医疗卫生单位传染病防治法实施情况调查

目的　了解安徽省省直医疗卫生单位《传染病防治法》及相关法规规章的贯彻落实情况,为规范传染病防治工作提供依据。方法　采取听取汇报、查阅资料、现场检查的方法收集 2003年度传染病防治预案准备情况、疫情报告管理情况、菌(毒)种管理情况、计划免疫落实情况、消毒隔离与医院感染管理情况等,对调查结果进行统计分析。结果　疫情报告管理系统存在不规范行为,有传染病漏报现象,医疗废物管理不到位。结论　应加强《传染病防治法》及其相关法规规章的宣传,并落实相关工作措施。     

An EAACI position paper on the investigation of perioperative immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Perioperative immediate hypersensitivity reactions are rare. Subsequent allergy investigation is complicated by multiple simultaneous drug exposures, the use of drugs with potent effects and the many differential diagnoses to hypersensitivity in the perioperative setting. The approach to the investigation of these complex reactions is not standardized, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that collaboration between experts in the field of allergy/immunology/dermatology and anaesthesiology is needed to provide the best possible care for these patients. The EAACI task force behind this position paper has therefore combined the expertise of allergists, immunologists and anaesthesiologists. The aims of this position paper were to provide recommendations for the investigation of immediate‐type perioperative hypersensitivity reactions and to provide practical information that can assist clinicians in planning and carrying out investigations.     

Tannic Acid‐Inspired Star‐Like Macromolecules via Temporally Controlled Multi‐Step Potential Electrolysis

Inspired by tea stains, a plant polyphenolic‐based macroinitiator is prepared for the first time by partial modification of tannic acid (TA) with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. In accordance with the “grafting from” methodology, a naturally occurring star‐like polymer with a polar gallotannin core and a hydrophobic poly(n‐butyl acrylate) side arms is synthesized via a simplified electrochemically mediated ATRP (seATRP), utilizing multiple‐step potential electrolysis. To investigate the kinetics of the electrochemical catalytic process triggered by reduction of Cu(II) or Fe(III) catalytic complex in the presence of the multifunctional initiator, cyclic voltammetry measurements are conducted. The naturally derived tannin macromolecule shows narrow MWDs (? = 1.57). Moreover, solvolysis of the star polymer to cleave the side arms and characterize them indicates that all chains grow to the same length (homopolymers with M_w/M_n <1.17), which confirms the well‐controlled seATRP. The structure of the obtained TA‐based systems is characterized microscopically (AFM) and spectroscopically (¹H NMR, FT‐IR). Atomic force microscopy measurements precisely determine the diameters of the obtained star polymers (19.7 ± 3.3 nm). These new star polymers may find biomedical applications as drug delivery systems and antifouling or antimicrobial coatings.     

注射用益气复脉(冻干)与氯化丁基胶塞相容性研究中抗氧剂和硫化剂的含量测定

目的 建立注射用益气复脉（冻干）药品中氯化丁基橡胶塞用抗氧剂2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚（BHT）和硫化剂对-特辛基苯酚的含量测定方法,并对其稳定性进行考察。方法 采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈柱,以乙腈-0.2%甲酸水为流动相梯度洗脱,体积流量0.3 mL/min,柱温35℃,检测波长280 nm。结果 BHT和对特-辛基苯酚质量浓度在0.4～20μg/mL线性关系良好（r > 0.999）;准确度试验平均回收率分别为99.3%、101.9%,精密度及耐用性结果均符合要求;注射用益气复脉（冻干）稳定性考察样品中BHT和对-特辛基苯酚含量均小于限度值。结论 所建立的方法准确可靠,可用于注射用益气复脉（冻干）中BHT和对-特辛基苯酚的含量测定。