枸杞果柄对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响

目的 探讨枸杞果柄水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响.方法 制备四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型,将其分为降糖灵治疗组、低剂量枸杞果柄治疗组、高剂量枸杞果柄治疗组、模型对照组,另设正常对照组(非糖尿病小鼠).前3组小鼠分别以25 mg·kg-1·d-1降糖灵水溶液、5.0 g·kg-1·d-1枸杞果柄水煎剂、7.5 g·kg-1·d-1枸杞果柄水煎剂灌胃,后2组小鼠均灌服等量的生理盐水.14 d后测定小鼠空腹血糖.结果 给药14 d后降糖灵治疗组、低剂量枸杞果柄治疗组小鼠血糖较治疗前有极显著下降(P<0.01),高剂量枸杞果柄治疗组小鼠血糖较治疗前有显著下降(P<0.05);降糖灵治疗组、不同剂量枸杞果柄治疗组血糖降低平均值与模型对照组、正常对照组血糖变化平均值之间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01).结论 一定剂量的枸杞果柄水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖有降低作用.     

Insulin autoimmune syndrome is the third leading cause of spontaneous hypoglycemic attacks in Japan

From 1979 to 1981, questionnaires were sent to 2094 hospitals throughout Japan to investigate the causes of severe hypoglycemic attacks other than the administration of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin preparations. The survey revealed three main causes for the attacks, of which the first was insulinoma, the second extrapancreatic neoplasms, and the third was insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS), in descending order. Seven years later, a second survey was carried out, which showed the order of the three disorders as the cause of the hypoglycemic attacks to be the same as in the first survey. In both studies it was suggested that the IAS was frequently induced by thiol compounds.     

Biochemical study on the effects of some Egyptian herbs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Lupinus albus, L. (Lupinus termis), family L. leguminosae, Cymbopogon proximus, (Halfa barr), family Gramineae, and Zygophyllum coccineum L. (Kammun quaramany), family L. Zygophyllacae on biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. A dose of 1.5 ml of aqueous suspension of each herb/100 g body weight (equivalent to 75 mg/100 g b.wt.) was orally administered daily to alloxan-diabetic rats for 4 weeks. The levels of glucose, urea, creatinine and bilirubin were significantly (P<0.05) increased in plasma of alloxan-diabetic rats compared with the control group. In contrast, total protein and albumin were significantly decreased by 25 and 46%, respectively, versus control. Treatment of the diabetic rats with repeated doses of any one of the three herb suspensions could restore the changes of the above parameters to their normal levels after 4 weeks of treatment. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activities were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the plasma of alloxan-diabetic rats. However, acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the plasma compared with the control group, whereas, such activity did not change in brain. The activities of AST, ALT and LDH were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the liver of alloxan-diabetic rats by 58, 21 and 40%, respectively, and such activities increased in testes by 39, 26 and 26%, respectively, compared with the control group. Also, brain LDH was significantly (P<0.05) increased. Treatment of the diabetic rats with the aqueous suspension of the tested herbs restored the activities of the above enzymes to their normal level in plasma, liver and testes. The present results showed that the herb suspensions exerted antihyperglycemic effects and consequently may alleviate liver and renal damage caused by alloxan-induced diabetes.     

催产素降糖机制的研究进展

催产素是由下丘脑催产素神经元产生,并由垂体后叶释放入大脑及全身各个系统的一种九肽激素。近年来有研究显示,催产素除具有催产及产后止血等基本生理功能外,还可以调节小鼠体内的糖代谢,发挥降糖作用。其相关机制可能包括通过下丘脑与外周组织之间的信号转导途径,而促进胰岛素的分泌;通过突触结合蛋白4(Syt4)与催产素之间的负反馈调节,而改善胰岛素抵抗;抑或通过激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)途径,而刺激骨骼肌细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。催产素对糖代谢的影响使其有望成为治疗2型糖尿病的一种新手段。     

口服降糖药物在妊娠糖尿病治疗中的临床应用及对控制血糖水平的作用分析

目的妊娠糖尿病74例患者,治疗统计,讨论口服降糖药物的效果。方法2019年5—9月搜集患者库妊娠糖尿病患者并选出74例分两组(随机数表法),对照组皮下注射胰岛素,观察组在上述基础上口服二甲双胍。比较两组血糖、母婴结局。结果病情对比血糖,两组治疗前FPG、2 hPG、NPG水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后FPG、2 hPG、NPG水平相对于对照组均较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);效果对比母婴结局,观察组不良妊娠结局发生率相对于对照组较低(5.41%vs 21.62%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组产妇Barthel指数、新生儿出生时、出生5 min时Apgar评分相对于对照组均较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论口服降糖药物二甲双胍可改善妊娠糖尿病患者血糖控制情况,降低血糖水平,改善妊娠结局。     

2型糖尿病老年患者降糖药物使用合理性分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病老年患者降糖药物临床使用的合理性。方法选取2019年3月—2020年3月期间的640例2型糖尿病老年患者作为研究对象。回顾性分析患者的临床资料,统计所有患者的降糖药物使用情况、用药频度、用药合理性、安全性。结果2型糖尿病老年患者的常用降糖药物,根据用药频度,分别为阿卡波糖、二甲双胍、瑞格列奈、格列美脲、格列齐特、格列吡嗪。640份处方中,合理598份,合理率93.44%;不合理42份,不合理率6.56%;不合理处方中,药物用法不合理23份3.59%,书写不规范10份1.56%、用药剂量不合理5份0.78%、药物数量不合理3份0.47%、药物联用不合理1份0.16%。640例2型糖尿病老年患者中,不良反应包括胃肠道反应85例13.28%、低血糖55例8.59%,便秘50例7.81%,头晕乏力23例3.59%,贫血3例0.47%,乳酸性酸中毒1例0.16%。结论2型糖尿病老年患者降糖药物的临床用药合理性较好,但存在药物用法不合理、处方书写不规范、用药剂量不合理等问题,需针对性地预防,提高临床用药合理性、安全性。     

Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of controlled release provesicles of a nateglinide–maltodextrin complex

The aim of this study was to characterize the provesicle formulation of nateglinide (NTG) to facilitate the development of a novel controlled release system of NTG with improved efficacy and oral bioavailability compared to the currently marketed NTG formulation (Glinate™ 60). NTG provesicles were prepared by a slurry method using the non-ionic surfactant, Span 60 (SP), and cholesterol (CH) as vesicle forming agents and maltodextrin as a coated carrier. Multilamellar niosomes with narrow size distribution were shown to be successfully prepared by means of dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The absence of drug-excipient interactions was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. In vitro release of NTG in different dissolution media was improved compared to pure drug. A goat intestinal permeation study revealed that the provesicular formulation (F4) with an SP:CH ratio of 5:5 gave higher cumulative amount of drug permeated at 48 h compared to Glinate™ 60 and control. A pharmacodynamic study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats confirmed that formulation F4 significantly (P<0.05) reduced blood glucose levels in comparison to Glinate 60. Overall the results show that controlled release NTG provesicles offer a useful and promising oral delivery system for the treatment of type II diabetes.KEY WORDS: Provesicles, Niosomes, Maltodextrin, Nateglinide, In vitro release, Goat intestinal permeation, Hypoglycemic     

黄连素合用二甲双胍对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响

目的探讨黄连素合用二甲双胍（B-M合剂,2∶1）对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠的降糖作用。方法小鼠腹腔注射四氧嘧啶造成糖尿病模型,分为B-M合剂高、中、低剂量组（400、200、100 mg/kg）、模型组、正常组。每天观察并记录各组动物摄食、饮水及体重情况;分别灌胃给药7 d和14 d,各组称体重,采血测定空腹血糖值,给药14 d后进行糖耐量实验。结果模型组小鼠观察到多饮、多食、多尿的情况,伴有体重明显下降;B-M合剂各剂量组小鼠的多饮多食症状均有一定程度改善,与模型组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;B-M合剂各剂量组体重较模型组增加,中、低剂量组与模型组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。B-M合剂各剂量组在给药7 d降低空腹血糖值至11.37-13.04 mmol/L,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;给药14 d降低空腹血糖值至9.36-19.78 mmol/L,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。此外,B-M合剂高剂量组可延缓糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量曲线,中剂量组（AUC：33.76±3.10）和低剂量组（AUC：39.91±2.95）可明显改善糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量异常,改善血糖调节功能,与模型组（AUC：50.75±3.94）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论黄连素合用二甲双胍有良好的降糖作用。     

菱属植物化学成分和药理活性研究

我国菱属植物资源较为丰富,其菱实在民间被广泛应用,具有很高的食用价值和药用价值,其中被丢弃的菱壳也显示出很多药理活性,通过对菱属植物的化学成分和药理活性进行综述,展望今后菱属植物的研究重点和应用前景,对菱属植物化学成分及其药理活性进行更深入的研究,并为今后合理开发利用该属植物资源提供依据.     

Serum lipids and apoprotein composition (%) of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction in two groups of diabetic patients: Effects of oral as compared to insulin therapy

Summary Forty-one diabetic patients (21 males and 20 females) were divided into two groups according to treatment. One group (n=22) was treated with insulin and the other with oral therapy (tolbutamide) (n=19). The two groups of patients were in a good metabolic control in that the glucose loss in the urine was less than 10 g/24 h. In these two groups we have evaluated total serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), VLDL TC/TG ratio and prevalence of ‘double pre-beta lipoproteinemia’. For these parameters no significant differences have been found between the two groups. The results of our study suggest that, provided metabolic control is good, the VLDL metabolism does not seem to be affected by the type of treatment.