高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者的手术方式选择及疗效

目的 :探讨高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者的手术方式选择及其疗效。方法 :回顾分析2012年3月~2015年3月在我院行手术治疗并获得至少1年随访的39例80岁以上腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床资料,男21例,女18例;年龄80~90岁(82.4±3.1岁)。术前13例伴有一种合并症,12例伴有两种或两种以上合并症。按相关科室会诊意见处理合并疾病,应用美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)体格状态分级评估患者可耐受全麻下手术。12例根性疼痛和间歇性跛行症状为主、无明显腰椎不稳者,采用椎板开窗减压术(单纯减压组);27例明确存在腰椎不稳/腰椎滑脱或术中需要手术切除小关节突、椎板范围较大发生继发性不稳者采用经椎间孔入路椎间融合内固定术(TLIF)(融合内固定组)。采用日本骨科协会(JOA)评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS评分)评估手术的临床疗效。结果:39例患者均完成手术。12例患者发生围手术期并发症,单纯减压组3例(肺炎1例,尿路感染1例,肺炎合并术后贫血1例),融合内固定组9例(肺炎3例,硬膜撕裂、尿潴留、心律失常、术后贫血、术后认知功能障碍各1例,尿路感染合并认知功能障碍1例),均经保守治疗后好转;无围手术期死亡病例。单纯减压组JOA评分由术前的10.8±2.3分改善至末次随访时的19.0±4.8分,融合内固定组JOA评分由术前的11.8±2.2分改善至末次随访时的21.8±3.4分,两组患者末次随访时与术前比较均有统计学差异(P0.05)。两组患者末次随访时的腰痛和腿痛VAS评分(单纯减压组3.2±1.7分和3.5±2.1分,融合内固定组3.0±1.2分和2.9±1.2分)与术前(单纯减压组7.4±0.9分和7.8±1.0分,融合内固定组7.4±1.7分和7.7±1.1分)比较均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 :对于高龄退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者,术前充分评估患者全身状况,积极处理合并疾病后,根据临床症状、体征及影像学资料,确定责任节段及致病因素,合理选择手术方式,可获得满意的疗效。     

两种固定方式治疗下腰椎病变3年随访结果分析

目的：比较单侧椎弓根螺钉暨经皮对侧椎板关节与双侧椎弓根螺钉两种固定方法联合椎间融合器植骨治疗下腰椎病变的3年随访结果。方法手术治疗62例单节段下腰椎病变患者,其中30例行单侧椎弓根螺钉暨经皮对侧椎板关节突螺钉固定联合椎间融合器植骨术（A 组）,32例行双侧椎弓根螺钉固定联合椎间融合器植骨术（B 组）,比较两组患者手术创伤和临床疗效。结果两组手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量比较 A 组优于 B 组,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。两组融合率比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。腰痛 VAS 评分与 JOA 评分：术后各时点（术后1周和术后6、12、24、36个月）两组较术前明显改善（P ＜0．05）,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论单侧椎弓根螺钉暨经皮对侧椎板关节与双侧椎弓根螺钉两种固定方法联合椎间融合器植骨术治疗下腰椎病变3年随访疗效均满意;单侧椎弓根螺钉联合对侧经皮椎板关节突螺钉固定具有操作简单、创伤小、稳定性好、融合率高和并发症少等优点,是部分下腰椎病变固定融合的较好选择。     

腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗体会

<正>2008年1月~2012年5月,我科手术治疗30例腰椎滑脱症患者,治疗效果良好,现总结报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组30例,男15例,女15例,年龄39~68岁。腰椎滑脱部位:L519例,L47例,L34例。峡部崩裂性滑脱28例,退行性滑脱2例。滑脱分度:Ⅰ度滑脱24例,Ⅱ度滑脱6例,16例伴有椎间盘突出,26例伴有椎管狭     

通道下经椎间孔微创腰椎融合联合经皮椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎不稳

目的：探讨通道下经椎间孔微创腰椎融合（TLIF）联合经皮椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎不稳的临床效果。方法对82例腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎不稳患者采用通道下微创 TLIF 联合经皮椎弓根内固定治疗。结果所有患者均获随访,时间4～36个月。患者术后腰腿痛症状均明显缓解或消失,JOA 评分术前为（8．52±1．2）分,术后末次随访时为（26．32±1．6）分,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;其中优68例,良10例,中4例。植骨融合率95．12％。结论通道下微创 TLIF 联合经皮椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎不稳具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,临床疗效满意。     

Development of a pressure sensor system for unobtrusive monitoring of abdominal muscle activities

Surface electromyogram (sEMG) is often used by to objectively measure muscular activity during rehabilitation exercises. sEMG is accurate, but it is unsuitable for uses outside the clinic, and patients can benefit from an unobtrusive device which can be readily used to ubiquitously measure abdominal muscle activation. In this study, we present a pressure sensor system which can be latched onto a belt to measure abdominal muscle activation. sEMG and pressure sensor output were measured in 15 healthy young males during isometric trunk flexion exercise (public trials registration number, KCT0002351), and the results were highly correlated (median R?>?0.939). As initial contact force can change the pressure sensor sensitivity, the experiment was performed at two different levels of belt tightness, but the correlations did not significantly improve after tightening the belt, suggesting that the system can be used to ubiquitously and unobtrusively monitor abdominal muscle activity with minimal discomfort.     

有限元法在腰椎融合术与置换术生物力学研究中应用进展

回顾近年来有限元法(finite element method,FEM)在腰椎椎间融合术与人工椎间盘置换术生物力学中的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行展望。通过归纳整理,得出FEM在腰椎椎间融合术与人工椎间盘置换术生物力学中的研究要点是手术方案的优化选择、植入器械的性能评价和临床手术的效果预测。最后依据当前的研究要点和发展方向,对FEM在个性化手术模拟、弹性内固定性能评价和新型术式效果预测等方面的应用前景进行展望。通过对FEM在腰椎椎间融合术与人工椎间盘置换术生物力学研究中的应用进展进行回顾和展望,以期为临床腰背痛疾病的手术治疗提供更加全面和系统的理论指导。     

腰椎椎间融合器及其在椎间融合术中的生物力学研究进展

针对腰椎椎间融合术的生物力学研究背景和意义,回顾近年来椎间融合器及其在椎间融合术中的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行展望。主要归纳腰椎生物力学实验方法、椎间融合器和椎间融合术的最新进展,得出椎间融合术生物力学研究的主要方向为:有限元法的建模精细化、传统融合器的几何更优化、新型融合器的临床化和辅助固定方式的多样化。最后对椎间融合术生物力学的发展前景进行展望。通过对腰椎椎间融合术的生物力学研究进行回顾和展望,以期为腰椎疾患的临床手术治疗提供参考依据。     

Ablation of porcine ligamentum flavum with Ho:YAG,q‐switched Ho:YAG,and quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers

Background and Objectives

Ligamentum flavum (LF) is a tough, rubbery connective tissue providing a portion of the ligamentous stability to the spinal column, and in its hypertrophied state forms a significant compressive pathology in degenerative spinal stenosis. The interaction of lasers and this biological tissue have not been thoroughly studied. Technological advances improving endoscopic surgical access to the spinal canal makes selective removal of LF using small, flexible tools such as laser‐coupled fiber optics increasingly attractive for treatment of debilitating spinal stenosis. Testing was performed to assess the effect of Ho:YAG, Q‐switched Ho:YAG, and frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers on samples of porcine LF. The objective was to evaluate the suitability of these lasers for surgical removal of LF.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

LF was resected from porcine spine within 2 hours of sacrifice and stored in saline until immediately prior to laser irradiation, which occurred within an additional 2 hours. The optical absorbance of a sample was measured over the spectral band from 190 to 2,360 nm both before and after dehydration. For the experiments using the Ho:YAG (λ = 2,080 nm, t_p = 140 µs, FWHM) and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG (λ = 2,080 nm, t_p = 260 ns, FWHM) lasers, energy was delivered to the LF through a laser‐fiber optic with 600 µm core and NA = 0.39. For the experiment using the frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser (λ = 266 nm, t_p = 5 ns FWHM), rather than applying the laser energy through a laser‐fiber, the energy was focused through an aperture and lens directly onto the LF. Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the given lasers on LF. First, using the Ho:YAG laser, the single‐pulse laser‐hole depth versus laser fluence was measured with the laser‐fiber in direct contact with the LF (1 g force) and with a standoff distance of 1 mm between the laser‐fiber face and the LF. Second, with the LF remaining in situ and the spine bisected along the coronal plane, the surface temperature of the LF was measured with an IR camera during irradiation with the Ho:YAG laser, with and without constant saline flush. Third, the mass loss was measured over the course of 450 Ho:YAG pulses. Fourth, hole depth and temperature were measured over 30 pulses of fixed fluence from the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG lasers. Fifth, the ablation rate and surface temperature were measured as a function of fluence from the Nd:YAG laser. Several LF staining and hole‐depth measurement techniques were also explored.

Results

Aside from the expected absorbance peaks corresponding to the water in the LF, the most significant peaks in absorbance were located in the spectral band from 190 to 290 nm and persisted after the tissue was dehydrated. In the first experiment, using the Ho:YAG laser and with the laser‐fiber in direct contact with the LF, the lowest single‐pulse fluence for which LF was visibly removed was 35 J/cm². Testing was conducted at 6 fluences between 35 and 354 J/cm². Over this range the single‐pulse hole depth was shown to be near linear (R² = 0.9374, M = 1.6), ranging from 40 to 639 µm (N = 3). For the case where the laser‐fiber face was displaced 1 mm from the LF surface, the lowest single‐pulse fluence for which tissue was visibly removed was 72 J/cm². Testing was conducted at 4 energy densities between 72 and 180 J/cm². Over this range the single‐pulse hole depth was shown to be near linear (R² = 0.8951, M = 1.4), ranging from 31 to 220 µm (N = 3). In the second experiment, with LF in situ, constant flushing with room temperature saline was shown to drastically reduce surface temperature during exposure to Ho:YAG at 5 Hz with the laser‐fiber in direct contact with the LF. Without saline, over 1 minute of treatment with a per‐pulse fluence of 141 mJ/cm², the average maximum surface temperature measured 110°C. With 10 cc's of saline flushed over 1 minute and a per‐pulse laser fluence of 212 mJ/cm², the average maximum surface temperature was 35°C. In the third experiment, mass loss was shown to be linear over 450 pulses of 600 mJ from the Ho:YAG laser (212 J/cm², direct contact, N = 4; 108 J/cm², 1 mm standoff, N = 4). With the laser‐fiber in direct contact, an average of 53 mg was removed (R² = 0.996, M = 0.117) and with 1 mm laser‐fiber standoff, an average of 44 mg was removed (R² = 0.9988, M = 0.097). In the fourth experiment, 30 pulses of the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG lasers at 1 mm standoff, and 5 Hz produced similar hole depths for the tested fluences of 9 J/cm² (151 and 154 µm, respectively) and 18 J/cm² (470 and 442 µm, respectively), though the Ho:YAG laser produced significantly more carbonization around the rim of the laser‐hole. The increased carbonization was corroborated by higher measured LF temperature. In all tests with the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG, an audible photo‐acoustic affect coincided with the laser pulse. In the fifth experiment, with the frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser at 15 Hz for 450 pulses, ablation depth per pulse was shown to be linear for the fluence range of 0.18 – 0.73 J/cm² (R² = 0.989, M = 2.4). There was no noticeable photo‐acoustic effect nor charring around the rim of the laser‐hole.

Conclusion

The Ho:YAG, Q‐Switched Ho:YAG, and frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers were shown to remove ligamentum flavum (LF). A single pulse of the Ho:YAG laser was shown to cause tearing of the tissue and a large zone of necrosis surrounding the laser‐hole. Multiple pulses of the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG lasers caused charring around the rim of the laser‐hole, though the extent of charring was more extensive with the Ho:YAG laser. Charring caused by the Ho:YAG laser was shown to be mitigated by continuously flushing the affected LF with saline during irradiation. The Nd:YAG laser was shown to ablate LF with no gross visible indication of thermal damage to surrounding LF. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:839–851, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

R + C Factors and Sacro Occipital Technique Orthopedic Blocking: a pilot study using pre and post VAS assessment

Introduction:

The concept of a systematic or predictive relationship between distant vertebral levels distinct from accumulative functional compensatory mechanisms, such as in scoliosis, has been perpetuated within chiropractic technique systems based on clinical observation and experience. This study seeks to investigate this relationship between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

Methods:

Patients (experimental group n=26 and control group n=12) were selected from the patient base of one office, and were limited to patients that had sensitivity at specific cervical reflex points. Using a pre and post outcome measurement and sacro occipital technique R + C protocols, the related lumbar vertebra was adjusted in the direction indicated by the cervical vertebral sensitivity.

Results:

Statistical analysis revealed there was a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-VAS measurements and found that the notable difference in mean change in VAS scores were statistically significantly different between the experimental and control groups (p < .001).

Conclusion:

The findings of this study suggest that further research into cervical and lumbar vertebra interrelationships, and the efficacy of orthopedic block treatment, may be warranted. Further studies are needed to confirm whether a causal relationship exists between lumbar manipulation and decreased cervical spine sensitivity.     

Wiltse入路经椎间孔椎体间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的 :探讨Wiltse入路经椎间孔椎体间融合术(TLIF)治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术效果。方法:选择2010年9月~2012年8月收治的54例单节段腰椎滑脱患者,采用TLIF术式行椎体间植骨融合术,其中Wiltse入路组31例,传统后正中入路组23例。术前两组患者在性别、年龄、滑脱程度、节段分布等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量,比较两组术前1d、术后24h、术后1周外周血肌酸激酶含量;并分别于术前1d、术后3d及术后3、6个月和1年随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scores,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)以及两组患者手术前后滑脱角、椎体滑移度、椎间盘高度比较综合评价手术效果。根据术后1年腰椎X线片和CT平扫+三维重建评价腰椎序列、滑脱椎体复位及椎间植骨融合(根据Bridwell椎间融合评价标准)情况。结果:Wiltse入路组手术时间72.6±7.5min(65~85min),术中出血量86.8±78.9ml(80~175ml),术后引流量90.5±56.2ml(85~170ml);后正中入路组手术时间79.0±6.7min(75~95min),术中出血量285.6±36.4ml(280~330ml),术后引流量195.6±20.7ml(190~220ml),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Wiltse入路组术后24h外周血的肌酸激酶平均为271.4±128.6U/L(260~400U/L),而后正中入路组为553.7±201.5U/L(500~780U/L),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后不同时间点VAS及ODI评分与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Wiltse入路组术后3d腰痛VAS评分(4.5±1.6分)明显优于传统后正中入路组(6.9±2.5分),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后3、6个月和1年随访时两组间VAS评分和ODI差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。根据Bridwell椎间融合评价标准,后正中入路组Ⅰ级融合13例(56.5%),Ⅱ级融合10例(43.5%);Wiltse入路组Ⅰ级融合18例(58.1%),Ⅱ级融合13例(41.9%),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CT平扫+三维重建均显示椎体间获得骨性融合。术前、术后两组患者在滑脱角、椎体滑移度、椎间盘高度等影像学结果比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Wiltse入路TLIF术式治疗单节段腰椎滑脱症可获得与传统后正中入路TLIF相似的安全、有效的治疗效果,并且Wiltse入路TLIF术式具有操作更方便、对组织损伤小、出血少、恢复快的优点。