右美托咪定联合丙泊酚对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者单肺通气肺损伤的影响

目的 研究右美托咪定联合丙泊酚对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者单肺通气肺损伤的影响。 方法 收集行肺叶切除术患者84例,按照随机数字表法分为4组,即对照组(A组)、丙泊酚组(B组)、右美托咪定组(C组)以及右美托咪定联合丙泊酚组(D组)。4组均采用相同的全身麻醉诱导方式,B组和D组诱导插管后均静脉持续泵注丙泊酚2～4 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,C组和D组经静脉泵注1.0 μg/kg负荷剂量的右美托咪定(10 min内输注完毕); A组静脉泵注等量的生理盐水。观察3组患者单肺通气即刻(T₁)、30 min(T₂)、1 h(T₃)和2 h(T₄)时的氧合指数(OI)和呼吸指数(RI); 全血中性粒细胞(PMN)计数,血清髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性; 术后肺部感染和低氧血症发生率。 结果 T₁时,4组的OI和RI无显著差异; T₂～T₄时,4组的OI升高,RI降低,且D组变化幅度最大; 与T₁比较,T₂～T₄时4组全血PMN计数、血清中MPO浓度、XOD活性均明显升高,且D组变化幅度最小; D组术后肺部感染和低氧血症发生率较A组、B组和C组均显著降低,差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 右美托咪定联合丙泊酚可抑制胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者单肺通气时的炎性反应,从而减轻肺损伤,达到保护肺部的目的。     

肺动脉高压对肺叶切除术风险及临床结局的影响

目的评估肺动脉高压对肺叶切除术风险及术后并发症的发生情况。方法对253例肺叶切除术治疗患者的临床资料进行分析肺叶切除术后并发症与手术死亡率,观察肺动脉高压(12例)与肺动脉压正常(241例)行肺叶切除术后48 h心律失常、血流动力学紊乱、机械通气时间延长、以及重症监护的入住时间、死亡率及住院时间,进行统计学分析肺叶切除术风险及其临床结局的影响。结果肺动脉高压组的并发症发生率、重症监护的入住时间均高于正常组(P0.05),有统计学意义。结论肺动脉高压对肺叶切除术的风险及临床结局有较大影响。     

生物纸在重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者电视胸腔镜肺切除术中应用的效果分析

目的 探讨大清生物纸（可吸收止血膜）应用于重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者电视胸腔镜肺切除术（VATS）中的疗效.方法 重度COPD患者在VATS使用直线型切割缝合器后,分为使用大清生物纸48例（大清组）和不使用大清生物纸37例（对照组）.比较两组患者术后平均漏气时间、渗血情况及平均住院时间.结果 两组患者术后均未出现需要机械辅助通气现象,无手术死亡病例.大清组术后平均住院时间为（7.8±2.1）d,术后平均漏气时间为（3.3±2.1）d;对照组术后平均住院时间为（9.8±3.4）d,术后平均漏气时间为（5.0±3.2）d.两组患者术后住院时间、术后漏气时间之间差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 应用大清生物纸行肺创面加强修补,可有效预防重度COPD患者肺切除术后肺漏气和渗血等并发症,减少了患者的术后住院时间,大大减轻了患者的痛苦及经济负担.     

全肺切除术对非小细胞肺癌患者术后肺功能及生活质量影响的临床研究

目的研究非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者全肺切除术后的长期生活质量。方法采用生活质量测定量表核心量表(QLQ-C30)调查从2008年1月至2010年12月在我科治疗的60例全肺切除术后NSCLC患者,将其分为两组,A组:年龄<60岁的患者;B组:年龄≥60岁的患者。对其术前和术后3、6和12个月的QLQ-C30得分进行比较。结果术前、术后生活质量相比较:①功能方面:两组术后体力均显著下降,但两组间比较无统计学差异;②症状方面:两组术后第3、6个月疲乏、呼吸困难均加重,B组患者术后第12个月呼吸困难与术前比较仍有统计学差异(P<0.05);B组患者疼痛、呼吸困难症状,在术后3、6个月较A组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组患者疲乏症状,在术后3、6、12个月较A组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余症状指标评分均无统计学差异。结论年龄<60岁的NSCLC患者行全肺切除术后的生活质量优于年龄≥60岁的患者。     

左上肺癌合并先天性完全左侧心包缺损一例

本文报道了1例54岁无症状男性患者,因ⅡB期左肺鳞状细胞癌接受胸腔镜下左全肺切除术,术中意外发现完全左侧心包缺损,回顾术前胸部CT,提示心脏异常向左延伸,但心包缺损并不明显,未采取特殊干预。手术时间204 min,术后第9 d康复出院。术后病理提示左肺中分化鳞状细胞癌,支气管旁淋巴结(3/5)见癌转移,病理分期:T2N1M0,ⅡB期。因患者原因术后未接受化学治疗,术后6个月复查无复发征象。完全性心包缺损通常不会危及患者生命,对于无症状患者,全肺切除术是可行的。     

Evaluation of different treatment strategies between right-sided and left-sided pneumonectomy for stage I–IIIA non-small cell lung cancer patients

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the different survival outcomes of stage I–IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received right-sided and left-sided pneumonectomy, and to further develop the most appropriate treatment strategies.MethodsWe accessed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from the United States for the present study. An innovative propensity score matching analysis was used to minimize the variance between groups.ResultsFor 2,683 patients who received pneumonectomy, cancer-specific survival [hazard ratio (HR) =0.863, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.771 to 0.965, P=0.010] and overall survival (OS; HR =0.875, 95% CI: 0.793 to 0.967, P=0.008) were significantly superior in left-sided pneumonectomy patients compared with right-sided pneumonectomy patients. Cancer-specific survival (HR =0.847, 95% CI: 0.745 to 0.963, P=0.011) and OS (HR =0.858, 95% CI: 0.768 to 0.959, P=0.007) were also significantly longer with left-sided compared to right-sided pneumonectomy after matching analysis of 2,050 patients. Adjuvant therapy could significantly prolong cancer-specific survival (67 versus 51 months, HR =1.314, 95% CI: 1.093 to 1.579, P=0.004) and OS (46 versus 30 months, HR =1.458, 95% CI: 1.239 to 1.715, P<0.001) among left-sided pneumonectomy patients after the matching procedure, while adjuvant therapy did not increase cancer-specific survival for right-sided pneumonectomy patients (46 versus 42 months, HR =1.112, 95% CI: 0.933 to 1.325, P=0.236). Subgroup analysis showed that adjuvant chemotherapy could significantly improve cancer-specific survival and OS for all pneumonectomy patients. However, radiotherapy was associated with worse survival for patients with right-sided pneumonectomy.ConclusionsPneumonectomy side can be deemed as an important factor when physicians determine the most optimal treatment strategies.     

Lung volume reduction surgery in lieu of pneumonectomy in an infant with severe unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema

A male infant with a prenatal diagnosis (at 20 weeks' gestation) of cystic adenomatoid malformation was delivered after 38 weeks' gestation (birth weight, 3 kg) and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. During the first few days of life, he developed mild respiratory distress; a chest radiograph and computed tomography scan showed multiple cystic areas in the left lower lobe with hyperinflation and herniation of the upper lobe across the midline. At 3 weeks of age, a left lower lobectomy was performed for presumed cystic malformation. To our surprise the pathology reports revealed pulmonary interstitial emphysema. The postoperative chest radiograph was unchanged, and mechanical ventilation was necessary and required progressively increasing ventilatory settings to provide adequate support. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation and selective right bronchus intubation failed to improve lung function. After 3 weeks, a left thoracotomy was repeated and lung volume reduction was performed with removal of 50' of the peripheral hyperinflated parenchyma. Postoperative recovery was rapid; the child was weaned from the ventilator after 3 days and discharged after 3 weeks. Follow-up chest X-rays showed a normally expanded right lung with mediastinal structures back to midline and a small left lung. Favorable results persisted at 3 years of follow-up. This first and successful experience with lung volume reduction in a neonate suggests that infants who need removal of a large portion of lung parenchyma to achieve adequate ventilation and gas exchange, lung volume reduction surgery should be considered as an alternative to pneumonectomy.     

Cancer of the lung: staging, radiology, surgery

Primary lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in industrialized countries. Despite advances in treatment, the overall 5-year survival remains poor due to the advanced stage of disease at presentation. Smoking remains the main risk factor being responsible for around 85% of all cases. The most important distinction is that between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Surgeons primarily deal with NSCLC (SCLC is an aggressive tumour that usually presents with systemic disease). NSCLC has a number of histological subtypes.Patient evaluation aims to establish the cell type of the tumour, determine the stage of the disease, and to determine fitness for surgery. Staging of NSCLC is based on the tumour/node/metastasis (TNM) classification. Procedures used to diagnose or stage lung cancer can include chest X-ray, chest computed tomography (CT) scan, combined positron emission tomography/CT, CT or transbronchial guided needle biopsy, and mediastinoscopy amongst others. Surgery is the only established method for ‘curing’ NSCLC. However, only a quarter of patients have resectable disease at presentation. Surgical resection can be performed using a variety of procedures including lobectomy, pneumonectomy or wedge resections. The 5-year survival of patients with stage I lung cancer following surgical resection is 51-60%.     

肌瓣填塞在治疗全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘中的应用

为了评价肌瓣填塞治疗全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘（bronchopleural fistula，BPF）的实用性及其疗效，对21例BPF患者，Ⅰ期置胸引管引流感染的脓腔和保护对侧的肺，引流液进行微生物培养，给予抗生素和营养支持。Ⅱ期再开胸，插双腔管保护对侧的肺，搔刮胸腔内坏死组织，显露支气管残端约0．1～0．2cm，脓腔清创，残端封闭，胸外肌瓣转移至胸内，完全包盖闭合的残端，术后抗感染、支持治疗。结果21例患者均用肌瓣转移加强封闭残端，BPF复发2例（2～18d），进行第3次再封闭和肌瓣加强手术，最终，21例BPF成功闭合，3例因多器官功能衰竭于术后1个月死亡。手术死亡率为14．3％（3／21）。平均生存时间3．4年，5年生存率为33．3％（7／21）。初步研究结果提示，带蒂肌瓣是BPF修补和脓腔填塞的理想材料。