Psychosocial mechanisms of a behavioral treatment for urinary incontinence of prostate cancer survivors

Abstract

Purpose: We examined underlying psychosocial processes of a behavioral treatment for urinary incontinence (UI) of prostate cancer survivors.

Design: Secondary analysis of data collected from a clinical trial.

Sample: Two hundred forty-four prostate cancer survivors who participated in a clinical trial of behavioral intervention to UI as intervention or control subjects.

Methods: The participants had a 3-month behavioral intervention or usual care and were followed up for an additional 3?months. They were assessed at baseline, 3, and 6?months. Latent growth curve models were performed to examine trajectories of each study variable and relationships among the variables.

Findings: Increasing self-efficacy and social support were significantly and independently associated with more reduction of urinary leakage frequency over time.

Implications for psychosocial oncology: Providing problem-solving skills and social support, including peer support, are essential for empowering patients to reduce UI.     

胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断的小腿减肥术

目的探索缩小小腿腓肠肌改善小腿外形的手术方法。方法通过窝皮肤皱襞4~5cm横切口,切断胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支,使腓肠肌内侧头失神经萎缩,达到小腿减肥的目的。测量并记录小腿周径和外形的变化。结果本组16例患者行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术后,小腿最大周径平均缩小(3.5±1.1)cm。小腿内侧曲线变得平缓。患者术后可立即下地行走,无明显肿胀。随访半年,站立、行走等日常活动未受影响。结论行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术,可缩小小腿,改善小腿外形,方法简便、安全,效果明显,同时不影响患者的行走功能。     

Lumbar Spinal Cord Stimulation Can Improve Muscle Strength and Gait Independently of the Analgesic Effect: A Case Report

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is widely used for pain relief in patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), and muscle weakness is a common finding in patients with chronic pain. We present here a single case report of a 47‐year‐old woman, who, after SCS for FBSS, had continuous improvement in lower leg muscle strength and gait, but only transient and minimal pain relief. To the authors’ knowledge, this is only the second published case report of significant improvement in “motor” function, independent of the analgesic effect following SCS in FBSS. If SCS, in fact, does improve muscle strength, new strategies for the management of patients with chronic pain might be opened up. Further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.     

Improvements in healthcare and cost benefits associated with botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity and muscle overactivity

Spasticity is a widespread, disabling form of muscle overactivity affecting patients with central nervous system damage resulting in upper motor neurone syndrome. There is a range of effective therapies for the treatment of spasticity (e.g. physical, anaesthetic, chemodenervation and neurolytic injections, systemic medication and surgery), but all therapies must be based on an individualized, multidisciplinary programme targeted to achieve patient goals. Appropriate therapy should be based on the extent and severity of spasticity, but spasticity and its consequences, regardless of presentation or cause, are commonly treated with systemic agents. This may be ill-advised as systemic treatment is associated with many undesirable effects. In particular, elderly patients with post-stroke spasticity are at risk from the central adverse effects of systemic medication (e.g. sedation and gait disturbance), which make them more susceptible to falling, with an associated increased risk of fracture. The rising costs of fracture care and its sequelae are fast becoming an international problem contributing to high healthcare expenditure. Botulinum toxin type-A (BoNT-A) treatment is highly effective for some of the more common forms of spasticity and muscle overactivity, and has a favourable profile when compared with systemic agents and other focal treatments. Therefore, the clinical benefits of BoNT-A treatment outweigh the apparent high costs of this intervention, showing it to be a cost-effective treatment.     

亚麻籽胶的胶凝性质

采用流变学法测定了亚麻籽胶溶液的胶凝点、熔化点，并采用质构仪、扫描电镜和原子力显微镜等手段研究了影响亚麻籽胶凝胶强度的因素，结果表明亚麻籽胶具有胶凝性，它能形成一种热可逆的冷致凝胶，亚麻籽胶溶液的胶凝点低于其凝胶的熔化点，且亚麻籽胶溶液的胶凝点及其凝胶的熔化点均随冷却的起始温度的升高而升高。亚麻籽胶浓度、溶解温度、pH、NaCl、CaCl2及复合磷酸盐能影响亚麻籽胶的凝胶强度，亚麻籽胶的凝胶强度随着浓度的增加及溶解温度的升高而增强；在pH6～9的范围内，亚麻籽胶的凝胶强度达到最大；NaCl和复合磷酸盐可以降低亚麻籽胶的凝胶强度，低浓度（〈0．3％）的CaCl2可以增强亚麻籽胶的凝胶强度，而高质量分数（〉0．3％）的CaCl2能降低亚麻籽胶的凝胶强度。     

大鼠缺血后肢骨骼肌血管内皮生长因子及其受体的表达

目的 研究大鼠缺血后肢侧枝代偿和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其受体表达的动态变化。为外源性VEGF治疗下肢缺血性疾病提供理论依据。方法 切除SD大白鼠右后肢全长股动脉，随机分为9个时间组：造模后1、3d、1、2、3、4、6、8及12周，各组5只动物。分别于造模前后和观察期末检测双后肢大、小腿肌肉Fit-1、Flk-1蛋白及mRNA表达，各组观察期末实验动物后肢动脉DSA检查。结果 （1）缺血后3d，5只大鼠右后肢出现溃疡（11．11％）；2周后，4只大鼠后肢溃疡愈合，而1只趾端坏疽（2．22％）。（2）缺血后2周，患肢侧枝形成达到高峰，12周时仍可见侧支血管显影。（3）缺血早期（3周内），VEGF及其受体的表达均较健侧显著增强（P〈0．05）；缺血中期（3～8周）。VEGF和Flt-1表达迅速下降，Flk-1仍表达；缺血后期（8周后），VEGF及其受体的表达均低至极低水平，与对侧差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论（1）肢体缺血后自身的血管新生不能完全满足缺血组织的需要。（2）缺血早期外源性的VEGF补充是不必要的；缺血中期补充VEGF是适宜的；缺血后期在应用VEGF治疗的同时，也需要干预受体的表达。     

Hemodynamic analysis of descending versus ascending aortomyoplasty, and comparison with intra-aortic balloon pump

Objective: Descending and ascending aortomyoplasty are two surgical procedures intended to induce hemodynamic benefits similar to those of the intra-aortic-balloon-pump (IABP). To date, there have been no studies comparing the two surgical techniques. The objective of this study was to compare coronary blood flow augmentation and afterload reduction as produced by descending and ascending aortomyoplasty counterpulsation Methods: Twenty-two mongrel dogs (18–35 kg) underwent IABP application (n=7), descending (n=8), or ascending (n=7) aortomyoplasty. Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery blood flow was measured using a Transonic Doppler flow probe. Left ventricular pressure as well as aortic pressures proximal and distal to either the aortomyoplasty site or the IABP position were monitored continuously. Results: Descending aortomyoplasty induced higher elevation in the LAD blood flow during assisted beats (27% from 10.8±4 to 13.8±6 ml/min, P<0.001) than that induced by either ascending aortomyoplasty (19% from 11.7±5 to 14±5 ml/min, P<0.001) or IABP counterpulsation (18% from 8.6±3 to 10.2±4 ml/min, P<0.001). Conversely, while ascending aortomyoplasty reduced the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by 16% (from 60±18 to 50±22 mmHg, P<0.001), similar to the 16% after load reduction achieved by the IABP counterpulsation, descending aortomyoplasty failed to induce afterload reduction. Conclusions: Descending aortomyoplasty produces higher coronary blood flow augmentation than either ascending aortomyoplasty or IABP. However, afterload reduction comparable to that achieved by IABP was observed only with ascending aortomyoplasty and not with descending aortomyoplasty.     

卡托普利对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖及癌基因和抑癌基因的影响

目的：观察卡托普利（CaP）对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖的作用及对原癌基因及抑癌基因的影响。方法：氚-胸腺嘧啶核苷（3H－TdR）参入，电镜，原位来交及Northernblot杂交。结果：CaP在降低SHR血压同时，能减少VSMC的线粒体，粗面内质网及3H－TdR参入量（P<0.01），并能逆转c－fos，c－myc，c－sis原癌基因mRNA表达增强（P<0.05或0.01），p53抑癌基因mRNA表达减弱（P＜0．01）。结论：Cap能抑制SHR的VSMC增殖，与癌基因调控的分子生物学机制有关。