2019年广东省部分地区感染性腹泻病原学及人轮状病毒分子流行病学特征

目的 对感染性腹泻样本进行检测鉴定,并对轮状病毒A组进行病毒分离,研究2019年广东省部分地区感染性腹泻病原学及轮状病毒分子流行病学特征。方法 2019年1月1日至2020年1月12日,采集广东省广州市、东莞市和江门市临床感染性腹泻患者粪便样本,进行多重RT-PCR扩增和微球杂交技术检测鉴定,并对轮状病毒A组阳性样本进行分离后,采用半巢式PCR试验对阳性细胞培养物进行G/P基因分型。结果 共纳入706例合格病例,病原体总检出率43.06%,病毒检出率18.13%高于细菌检出率8.36%高于寄生虫检出率1.27%。病毒病原谱以轮状病毒A组G9P[8]和诺如病毒GII型感染为主,细菌病原谱以沙门菌和艰难梭菌为主,寄生虫以蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫为首。不同季度、不同年龄组病原谱构成各不相同。轮状病毒A组主要受累群体为≤5岁儿童,主要时间分布于1—4月,基因型呈现多样性,包括G2P[4]、G3P[8]和G9P[8]。结论 2019年广东省部分地区感染性腹泻病毒类病原体高于细菌类高于寄生虫类,轮状病毒A组G9P[8]、诺如GII型、沙门菌和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫是最主要的病原体,且G9P[8]型A组轮状病毒毒株在轮状病毒感染中占主导趋势。在防控病毒性和细菌性腹泻的同时,应警惕寄生虫所致腹泻并重视混合感染的病原学监测。     

综合医院感染科设计分析——以天坛医院为例

从规划布局、功能布局、平战结合这三个角度,对天坛医院感染科进行分析,以期为当代综合医院感染科建设提供参考和借鉴。     

EBV感染患儿临床特征及血清免疫因子水平

目的分析124例巴尔病毒(EBV)感染患儿的临床特征和血清免疫因子水平。方法选择2016年12月-2019年12月于海南医学院第一附属医院确诊的124例EBV感染患儿为研究组,根据临床表现分为传染性单核细胞增多症(IM)组43例和单纯性EBV组81例,选择同期健康体检儿童62名为对照组。记录所有患儿入组时的年龄、性别、临床症状;荧光定量PCR反应检测外周血淋巴细胞中EBV DNA载量;检测血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-2和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,流式细胞仪分析外周血T淋巴细胞水平;Pearson相关性分析外周血T淋巴细胞亚群与EBV DNA载量之间的相关性。结果 IM组患儿的年龄为(5.13±1.56)岁,大于单纯性EBV组(P<0.05),出现发热、咽峡炎、淋巴结肿大、脾肿大、肝肿大、眼睑水肿、鼻塞、打鼾的比例为88.37%、93.02%、93.02%、48.84%、60.47%、32.56%、55.81%和46.51%,高于单纯性EBV组(P<0.05);IM组患儿的血CD3+T、CD8+T细胞、IL-6、TNF-α为分别为(73.25±7.16)%、(40.19±4.21)%、(33.68±5.71)ng/L、(72.52±11.26)ng/L高于对照组,而CD4+T、CD4+/CD8+T细胞、IL-2分别为(34.86±3.75)%、(0.89±0.15)、(10.43±3.38)ng/L则均低于对照组(P<0.05);外周血CD3+T和CD8+T细胞水平均与病毒载量呈正相关(r=0.314,0.447,P<0.05),CD4+T和CD4+/CD8+T细胞水平与病毒载量呈负相关(r=-0.425,-0.376,P<0.05)。结论 EBV感染患儿的临床症状和细胞免疫功能与病毒载量有关,有望应用于临床评估EBV感染的病情发展。     

SARS-CoV-2对生育的影响

近年严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2,SARS-CoV-2）大流行对人类健康造成了威胁。研究表明,SARS-CoV-2对人类生育能力有潜在影响,对男性生育力的影响远大于女性。目前研究表明接种疫苗可能不会对人类的生育能力存在不利影响。感染SARS-CoV-2会不会发生性传播、垂直传播及母婴传播,从而对下一代产生影响,目前暂不清楚。尚需要从生殖医学科、传染病学科角度探讨SARS-CoV-2及其疫苗对生育的影响,并讨论可能存在的性传播、垂直传播和母婴传播,以提高对SARS-CoV-2及其疫苗的认识。     

中国6个KM小鼠群体外形形态特征调查

对来自我国南方6个科研机构饲养的KM小鼠的外形进行了调查,测量了成年KM小鼠（每个机构20♂,20♀）的体全长、尾长和头体长3个主要外形指标。结果显示：各群体间在这3项指标上存在着不同程度的差异,表明中国KM小鼠的外形特征出现了一定程度的种群分化。     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎兔模型的病理形态学观察

用 12只新西兰大白兔分为腹膜炎组和对照组。腹膜炎组注射含活金黄色葡萄球菌的透析液 ,对照组为含生理盐水的透析液 ;观察腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎兔模型的病理变化。结果发现 :(1)腹膜炎组腹膜间皮细胞增生 ,水肿 ,血管扩张 ,炎症细胞浸润 ,对照组无变化。 (2 )腹膜炎组腹膜透液中葡萄糖浓度除 0min外 ,其他各时间点D/D0 葡萄糖均低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 (3)腹膜炎组腹透液中肌酐浓度与血浆肌酐浓度比值 (D/Dcr)显著高于对照组中的浓度比值 (P <0 .0 5 )。 (4 )腹膜炎组透析液中WBC计数除O点外 ,其余各时间点明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。提示新西兰兔腹膜注射含活金黄色葡萄球菌 48h后 ,进行腹膜透析时 ,其腹膜病理改变与临床腹膜透析并发腹膜炎特征基本一致     

Clearing the clouds: Case‐report and review of the literature

In peritoneal dialysis (PD), a cloudy dialysate is an alarming finding. Bacterial peritonitis is the most common cause, however, atypical infections and non‐infectious causes must be considered. A 46‐year‐old man presented with asthenia, paraesthesia, foamy urine and hypertension. Laboratory testing revealed severe azotaemia, anaemia, hyperkalaemia and nephrotic‐range proteinuria. Haemodialysis was started through a central venous catheter. Later, due to patient preference, a Tenckhoff catheter was inserted. Conversion to PD occurred 3 weeks later, during hospitalization for a presumed central line infection. A month later, the patient was hospitalized for neutropenic fever. He was diagnosed an acute parvovirus infection and was discharged under isoniazid for latent tuberculosis. Four months later, the patient presented with fever and a cloudy effluent. Peritoneal fluid (PF) cytology was suggestive of infectious peritonitis, but the symptoms persisted despite antibiotic therapy. Bacterial and mycological cultures were negative. No neoplastic cells were detected. Mycobacterium tuberculosis eventually grew in PF cultures, despite previous negative molecular tests. Directed therapy was then initiated with excellent response. Thus, facing a cloudy effluent, one must consider multiple aetiologies. Diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis is hampered by the lack of highly sensitive and specific exams. Here, diagnosis was only possible due to positive mycobacterial cultures.     

Comparison of static and dynamic models of maternal immunization to prevent infant pertussis in Brazil

BackgroundThis paper compares cost-effectiveness results from two models of maternal immunization to prevent pertussis in infants in Brazil, one static, one dynamic, to explore when static models are adequate for public health decisions and when the extra effort required by dynamic models is worthwhile.MethodsWe defined two scenarios to explore key differences between static and dynamic models, herd immunity and time horizon. Scenario 1 evaluates the incremental cost/DALY of maternal acellular pertussis (aP) immunization as routine infant vaccination coverage ranges from low/moderate up to, and above, the threshold at which herd immunity begins to eliminate pertussis. Scenario 2 compares cost-effectiveness estimates over the models’ different time horizons. Maternal vaccine prices of $9.55/dose (base case) and $1/dose were evaluated.ResultsThe dynamic model shows that maternal immunization could be cost-saving as well as life-saving at low levels of infant vaccination coverage. When infant coverage reaches the threshold range (90–95%), it is expensive: the dynamic model estimates that maternal immunization costs $2 million/DALY at infant coverage > 95% and maternal vaccine price of $9.55/dose; at $1/dose, cost/DALY is $200,000. By contrast, the static model estimates costs/DALY only modestly higher at high than at low infant coverage. When the models’ estimates over their different time horizons are compared at infant coverage < 90–95%, their projections fall in the same range.ConclusionsStatic models may serve to explore an intervention’s cost-effectiveness against infectious disease: the direction and principal drivers of change were the same in both models. When, however, an intervention too small to have significant herd immunity effects itself, such as maternal aP immunization, takes place against a background of vaccination in the rest of the population, a dynamic model is crucial to accurate estimates of cost-effectiveness. This finding is particularly important in the context of widely varying routine infant vaccination rates globally.Clinical Trial registryClinical Trial registry name and registration number: Not applicable.     

National decision-making for the introduction of new vaccines: A systematic review, 2010–2020

BackgroundCompeting priorities make using a transparent and evidence-based approach important when deciding to recommend new vaccines. We conducted a literature review to document the processes and frameworks for national decision-making on new vaccine introductions and explored which key features have evolved since 2010.MethodsWe searched literature published on policymaking related to vaccine introduction from March 2010 to August 2020 in six databases. We screened articles for eligibility with the following exclusion criteria: non-human or hypothetical vaccines, the sole focus on economic evaluation or decision to adopt rather than policy decision-making. We employed nine broad categories of criteria from the 2012 review for categorization and abstracted data on the country, income level, vaccine, and other relevant criteria.ResultsOf the 3808 unique references screened, 116 met eligibility criteria and were classified as: a) framework of vaccine adoption decision-making (27), b) studies that analyse empirical data on or examples of vaccine adoption decision-making (45), c) theoretical and empirical articles that provide insights into the vaccine policymaking process (44 + 17 already included in the previous categories). Commonly reported criteria for decision-making were the burden of disease; vaccine efficacy/effectiveness, safety; impact on health and non-health outcomes; economic evaluation and cost-effectiveness of alternative interventions. Programmatic and acceptability aspects were not as often considered. Most (50; 82%) of the 61 articles describing the process of vaccine introduction policymaking highlighted the role of country, regional, or global evidence-informed recommendations and a robust national governance as enabling factors for vaccine adoption.ConclusionsThe literature on vaccine adoption decision-making has expanded since 2010. We found that policymakers and expert advisory committee members (e.g., National Immunization Technical Advisory Group [NITAG]) increasingly value the interventions based on economic evaluations. The results of this review could guide discussions on evidence-informed immunization decision-making among country, sub-regional, and regional stakeholders.     

Effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine among Kaiser Permanente Hawaii enrollees aged 50 and older: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) has been on the rise for decades in the United States. Clinical trials for the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) demonstrated vaccine efficacy of over 90% in preventing herpes zoster. However, there is limited information on its effectiveness outside of a clinical trial setting, as well as its effectiveness against herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO).MethodsA de-identified electronic health records database from Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPH) was used to conduct this retrospective cohort study to assess the effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine against HZ and HZO in immunocompetent, vaccine age-eligible individuals without a prior history of HZ, who were continuously enrolled in KPH for ≥365 days prior to becoming age-eligible for RZV between January 1, 2018, through December 31, 2019.ResultsA total of 78 356 adults were included in this study, with 11 864 (15.1%) adults receiving two valid doses of the recombinant zoster vaccine. The incidence rate of HZ was 325.6 (95% CI: 217.7 to 464.4) cases per 100 000 person-years in vaccinated persons compared to 1063.3 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: 1006.0 to 1122.8) in the unvaccinated group. The incidence rate of HZO was 11.9 (95% CI: 0.7 to 52.3) cases per 100 000 person-years in the vaccinated group compared to 72.1 (95% CI: 58.0 to 88.3) in the unvaccinated group. RZV was 83.5% (95% CI: 74.9% to 89.2%) effective against HZ and 93.3% (95% CI: 48.7% to 99.1%) effective against HZO.ConclusionsRZV has demonstrated high effectiveness against both HZ and HZO outside of a clinical trial setting in the United States. Vaccine coverage is low, emphasizing the need for public health efforts to increase vaccination to reduce morbidity from HZ and HZO.