开远市阻断母婴传播HIV/AIDS研究

目的　探讨艾滋病病毒 (HIV)母婴垂直传播的规律 ,为预防和阻断HIV的母婴传播提供依据。方法　采用流行病学研究方法进行研究。结果　 (1)开展阻断HIV/AIDS母婴传播项目 ,必须建立完整的组织机构和管理措施 ,多个部门参与工作与管理 ,互相协调与配合 ,才能保证项目的顺利实施与管理。 (2 )流行病学监测表明 ,开远市孕妇人群中HIV感染率约为 6 4 3‰ ,传播途径以性传播为主 ,其次是静脉吸毒。 (3)在健康教育评价中 ,对艾滋病知识、传播途径和预防方法的知晓率 ,在健康教育后明显高于健康教育前 (P <0 0 0 1)。 (4 )病例对照研究表明 ,孕妇感染HIV的危险因素为职业、文化程度、静脉吸毒、卖淫、多性伴、配偶HIV阳性和配偶或性伴吸毒等。结论　在开展阻断孕妇HIV/AIDS母婴传播项目时 ,同时进行项目系统管理研究、流行病学监测、健康教育及其评估、流行病学病例对照研究等是必需的 ,可有效降低和防止孕妇的HIV感染率和HIV母婴传播的发生率。     

围产期乙型肝炎病毒的母婴传播与预防

乙型病毒性肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)引起的一种严重危害人类健康的世界性疾病.研究表明,围产期母婴传播是乙肝流行的一个重要原因,控制围产期HBV母婴传播对控制乙肝流行具有关键意义.现就围产期HBV母婴传播概况、传播途径与发生机理、预防措施与远期效果综述如下.     

乙肝病毒母婴传播的途径与预防措施的研究(综述)

乙型肝炎是一种严重危害人类健康的世界性传染病,我国是乙肝高发区,人群感染率高达60％, 乙肝表面抗原携带者亦高达10％-15％。一般来说, 乙型肝炎高流行区孕妇HBsAg的阳性率为5％- 10％,其中约三分之一者HBeAg阳性。乙肝病毒 (HBV)母婴垂直传播是乙肝的主要传播方式之一, 故阻断母婴垂直传播是减少乙肝发病率的关键。因此,研究母婴垂直传播的可能途径,特别是母婴垂     

父婴垂直传播在乙型肝炎病毒感染过程中的研究

垂直传播是乙肝的传播途径之一,可分为母婴和父婴垂直传播两种,母婴传播及如何阻断已受到广泛关注。但父婴垂直传播并未得到社会认可和重视。目前国内外研究显示,父婴传播可能是导致乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)慢性感染的重要途径之一。本文就父婴垂直传播在HBV感染的流行病学依据、动物实验和分子生物学研究进行综述,以引起研究人员和临床工作者的重视。     

HIV和HCV母婴垂直传播影响因素的比较

由于人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒有相同的传染途径,在母婴垂直感染中存在着相同因素,也存在着不同因素,共同感染在垂直传播中是常见现象,也产生相互影响。为了更好地预防和控制两病毒引起的疾病,揭示其机制。该文将近几年的研究进展,从母体因素、分娩因素、婴儿喂养方式和宫内感染方面以及人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒共同感染对母婴垂直传播的影响作以综述。     

HIV和HCV母婴垂直传播影响因素的比较

由于人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒有相同的传染途径,在母婴垂直感染中存在着相同因素,也存在着不同因素,共同感染在垂直传播中是常见现象,也产生相互影响.为了更好地预防和控制两病毒引起的疾病,揭示其机制.该文将近几年的研究进展,从母体因素、分娩因素、婴儿喂养方式和宫内感染方面以及人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒共同感染对母婴垂直传播的影响作以综述.     

DC-SIGN和DC-SIGNR在HIV-1感染传播中的作用

人免疫缺陷病毒一1(human immunodeficiency virus-1，HIV-1)是人类主要的感染病毒类型，存在于人的血液、体液、精液、阴道分泌物及母乳中，可经血行传播、性传播和母婴垂直传播等。HIV-1能否感染靶细胞，首先取决于病毒与细胞表面特异性受体的识别利吸附，是病毒感染细胞的第一步。CD4     

丙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的研究

大量研究表明，丙型肝炎病毒除经血传播外，还可能存在母婴传播，本文就丙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的流行病学和分子生物学等研究情况作一综述。     

预防胎传梅毒

梅毒是一种严重的性传播疾病。梅毒主要通过性传播、先天性、母婴垂直传播和密切生活接触传播。母婴垂直传播是2003年强制婚检取消后胎儿和新生儿感染梅毒的主要途径,也是近些年来新生儿梅毒(先天性)高发的主要原因。胎传梅毒是指妇女在怀孕前或怀孕期间感染梅毒,未被及时发现和规     

丙型肝炎病毒传播途径的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒有多种传播途径，目前对其研究进展很快。本文就丙型肝炎病毒经血传播、性传播，日常接触传播和母婴传播等有关情况作一综述。     

A self-amplifying RNA vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) and Alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7) in a transmission-challenge hamster model

Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been hugely successful in alleviating hospitalization and deaths caused by the newly emerged coronavirus that is the cause of COVID. However, although the parentally administered vaccines are very effective at reducing severe disease, they do not induce sterilizing immunity. As the virus continues to circulate around the globe, it is still not clear how long protection will last, nor whether variants will emerge that escape vaccine immunity. Animal models can be useful to complement studies of antigenicity of novel variants and inform decision making about the need for vaccine updates. The Syrian golden hamster is the preferred small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since virus is efficiently transmitted between hamsters, we developed a transmission challenge model that presents a more natural dose and route of infection than the intranasal challenge usually employed. Our studies demonstrate that an saRNA vaccine based on the earliest Wuhan-like virus spike sequence induced neutralizing antibodies in sera of immunized hamsters at similar titres to those in human convalescent sera or vaccine recipients. The saRNA vaccine was equally effective at abrogating clinical signs in animals who acquired through exposure to cagemates infected either with a virus isolated in summer 2020 or with a representative Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant isolated in December 2020. The vaccine also reduced shedding of infectious virus from the nose, further reinforcing its likely effectiveness at reducing onwards transmission. This model can be extended to test the effectiveness of vaccination in blocking infections with and transmission of novel variants as they emerge.     

Scrutinizing the SARS-CoV-2 protein information for designing an effective vaccine encompassing both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes

Novel SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic condition worldwide. It has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern by WHO in a very short span of time. The community transmission of this highly infectious virus has severely affected various parts of China, Italy, Spain, India, and USA, among others. The prophylactic solution against SARS-CoV-2 infection is challenging due to the high mutation rate of its RNA genome. Herein, we exploited a next-generation vaccinology approach to construct a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 that is predicted to have high antigenicity, safety, and efficacy to combat this deadly infectious agent. The whole proteome was scrutinized for the screening of highly conserved, antigenic, non-allergen, and non-toxic epitopes having high population coverage that can elicit both humoral and cellular mediated immune response against COVID-19 infection. These epitopes along with four different adjuvants, were utilized to construct a multi-epitope-vaccine candidate that can generate strong immunological memory response having high efficacy in humans. Various physiochemical analyses revealed the formation of a stable vaccine product having a high propensity to form a protective solution against the detrimental SARS-CoV-2 strain with high efficacy. The vaccine candidate interacted with immunological receptor TLR3 with a high affinity depicting the generation of innate immunity. Further, the codon optimization and in silico expression show the plausibility of the high expression and easy purification of the vaccine product. Thus, this present study provides an initial platform for the rapid generation of an efficacious protective vaccine for combating COVID-19.     

The repeated setbacks of HIV vaccine development laid the groundwork for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

The decades-long effort to produce a workable HIV vaccine has hardly been a waste of public and private resources. To the contrary, the scientific know-how acquired along the way has served as the critical foundation for the development of vaccines against the novel, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We retell the real-world story of HIV vaccine research – with all its false leads and missteps – in a way that sheds light on the current state of the art of antiviral vaccines. We find that HIV-related R&D had more than a general spillover effect. In fact, the repeated failures of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of HIV vaccine candidates have served as a critical stimulus to the development of successful vaccine technologies today. We rebut the counterargument that HIV vaccine development has been no more than a blind alley, and that recently developed vaccines against COVID-19 are really descendants of successful vaccines against Ebola, MERS, and SARS. These successful vaccines likewise owe much to the vicissitudes of HIV vaccine development. We then discuss how the failures of HIV vaccine development have taught us how adapt SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to immune escape from emerging variants. Finally, we inquire whether recent advances in the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 might in turn further the development of an HIV vaccine - what we describe as a reverse spillover effect.     

新型冠状病毒疫苗:现状与展望

 新型冠状病毒肺炎的大流行严重威胁人类健康和发展,为应对这一全球性公共卫生事件,多种技术路线的新型冠状病毒疫苗（新冠疫苗）被投入紧急使用。本文介绍了新冠疫苗技术路线,并就新冠疫苗应对多种突变毒株的效力和在高危人群中的使用进行了梳理,发现现有疫苗对突变毒株效力出现了不同程度的下降,提示应关注突变毒株的影响。现有疫苗对高龄,孕妇等高风险人群缺乏足够的临床数据,应尽快开展针对高风险人群接种疫苗的相关研究。     

Vaccines based on virus-like nano-particles for use against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus

Recent advances in virus-like nanoparticles against Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can initiate vaccine production faster for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while ensuring the safety, easy administration, and long-term effects. Patients with this viral pathogen suffer from excess mortality. MERS-CoV can spread through bioaerosol transmission from animal or human sources. The appearance of an outbreak in South Korea sparked off a strong urge to design strategies for developing an effective vaccine since the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012. Well unfortunately, this is an important fact in virus risk management. The studies showed that virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) could be effective in its goal of stopping the symptoms of MERS-CoV infection. Besides, due to the genetic similarities in the DNA sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and the first identified severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in China since 2002/2003, strategic approaches could be used to manage SARS-CoV 2. Gathering the vital piece of information obtained so far could lead to a breakthrough in the development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, which is prioritized and focussed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review focuses on the virus-like nanoparticle that got successful results in animal models of MERS-CoV.     

Revisión de nuevas evidencias acerca de la posible transmisión vertical de la COVID-19

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of original peer-reviewed studies, containing data on the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples of amniotic fluid, placenta or membranes, umbilical cord blood, and human milk, from women with a clinically or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. These studies should have been published after the guide for the management of patients with COVID-19 from World Health Organization guide (available in March 13, 2020).ResultsSeventeen studies were included, in which 143 clinical samples were identified (38 of amniotic fluid; 34 of placentas or membranes; 39 from umbilical cord blood and 32 from human milk). Among the 143 samples, nine were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (one amniotic fluid sample obtained before rupturing the membranes; six samples of placenta or membranes, although authors indicate the possibility of contamination by maternal blood in three of these, and two samples of human milk).ConclusionsFollowing our search criteria, we found no studies that demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2, in conjunction with viral isolation and the evaluation of the infective capacity of viral particles, in clinical samples of amniotic fluid, placenta or membranes, umbilical cord blood and human milk, from women with a confirmed or clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. However, vertical transmission cannot be ruled out, larger studies are required that ideally locate in situ RNA and protein of SARS-CoV-2, as well as isolation that demonstrate the infective capacity of the viral particles.     

Deciphering the co-adaptation of codon usage between respiratory coronaviruses and their human host uncovers candidate therapeutics for COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused thousands of deaths worldwide and has become an urgent public health concern. The extraordinary interhuman transmission of this disease has urged scientists to examine the various facets of its pathogenic agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, based on publicly available genomic data, we analyzed the codon usage co-adaptation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs) with their human host, identified CoV-responsive human genes and their functional roles on the basis of both the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU)-based correlation of viral genes with human genes and differential gene expression analysis, and predicted potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment based on these genes. The relatively high codon adaptation index (CAI) values (>0.70) signposted the gene expressivity efficiency of CoVs in human. The ENc-GC3 plot indicated that SARS-CoV-2 genome was under strict selection pressure while SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were under selection and mutational pressures. The RSCU-based correlation analysis indicated that the viral genomes shared similar codons with a panoply of human genes. The merging of RSCU-based correlation data and SARS-CoV-2-responsive differentially expressed genes allowed the identification of human genes potentially affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were enriched in biological processes and pathways related to host response to viral infection and immune response. Using the drug-gene interaction database, we screened a list of drugs that could target these genes as potential COVID-19 therapeutics. Our findings not only will contribute in vaccine development but also provide a useful set of drugs that could guide practitioners in strategical monitoring of COVID-19. We recommend practitioners to scrupulously screen this list of predicted drugs in order to authenticate those qualified for treating COVID-19 symptoms.     

新型冠状病毒对人类生殖系统的影响

对新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）影响的研究已不局限于呼吸系统，而是扩展到其他重要系统。研究表明，新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）可识别人体组织器官中的血管紧张素转换酶2受体，由此对两性生殖系统结构和功能造成损伤。对男性生殖系统，SARS-CoV-2可影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能、损害睾丸生精过程和影响精子质量；对女性生殖系统，SARS-CoV-2同样影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能；虽然孕产妇感染病毒后重症率较低，康复情况良好，但也可能发生不良妊娠结局。SARS-CoV-2对辅助生殖结局的影响可能比较轻微；但有研究指出，COVID-19患者如在促排卵期间出现卵巢过度刺激综合征，则会增加肺部与肾脏并发症的发生风险。另外，现阶段普遍接种的各种SARS-CoV-2疫苗均未见对生殖系统的影响，但COVID-19大流行引发的生殖意愿下降等心理健康问题仍需进一步研究。     

Preclinical evaluation of a plant-derived SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine: Protective efficacy,immunogenicity, safety,and toxicity

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission has become a global priority. Previously, we showed that a protein subunit vaccine that was developed based on the fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (RBD-Fc), produced in Nicotiana benthamiana, and adjuvanted with alum, namely, Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1, induced potent immunological responses in both mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Hence, this study evaluated the protective efficacy, safety, and toxicity of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1 in K18-hACE2 mice, monkeys and Wistar rats. Two doses of vaccine were administered three weeks apart on Days 0 and 21. The administration of the vaccine to K18-hACE2 mice reduced viral loads in the lungs and brains of the vaccinated animals and protected the mice against challenge with SARS-CoV-2. In monkeys, the results of safety pharmacology tests, general clinical observations, and a core battery of studies of three vital systems, namely, the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, did not reveal any safety concerns. The toxicology study of the vaccine in rats showed no vaccine-related pathological changes, and all the animals remained healthy under the conditions of this study. Furthermore, the vaccine did not cause any abnormal toxicity in rats and was clinically tolerated even at the highest tested concentration. In addition, general health status, body temperature, local toxicity at the administration site, hematology, and blood chemistry parameters were also monitored. Overall, this work presents the results of the first systematic study of the safety profile of a plant-derived vaccine, Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1; this approach can be considered a viable strategy for the development of vaccines against COVID-19.