膀胱鳞状细胞癌（附12例报告）

目的提高对膀胱鳞状细胞癌的诊治水平。方法回顾分析1980年1月至1999年7月收治的12例膀胱鳞状细胞癌临床资料,结合献进行讨论。结果12例中膀胱部分切除术6例,全膀胱切除术 尿流改道术4例,姑息性尿流改道术2例。随访1年生存率50％(6／12),5年生存率16．7％(2／12)。结论膀胱鳞状细胞癌浸润性强,恶性程度高,预后不良。早期诊断、严格掌握手术指征是提高膀胱鳞状细胞癌患5年生存率的有效措施。     

局部进展期结直肠癌侵及膀胱的扩大根治性手术

目的 探讨局部进展期结直肠癌（LACRC）侵及膀胱的外科治疗。方法 对侵及膀胱的LACRC 24例进行回顾性分析。结果 原发癌22例,复发癌2例。所有患均行扩大根治性手术,切除范围包括全膀胱切除8例（TC组）和部分膀胱切除16例（PC组）。住院期间的病死率为0,并发症发生率为33．3％（8／24）,其中TC组2例,PC组6例。总的复发率为33．3％（8／24）,TC组和PC组的复发率相近,分别为37．5％和31．2％（P＞0．05）。本组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为91．1％、58．3％和46．6％,其中TC组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为100％、51．4％和51．4％,而PC组则分别为86．7％、61．5％和43．9％,两组间差异无显性意义（P＞0．05）。结论 对侵及膀胱的LACRC应根据具体情况选择合适的手术治疗,根治性手术可望提高患术后生存率。     

浅析黏膜下注射分离技术辅助针状电极剜除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌

目的:评估黏膜下注射分离技术辅助针状电极剜除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBT)的安全性及临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析本院2012年1月至2020年1月收治的67例NMIBT患者的临床资料,根据不同的手术方式将患者分成三组：其中行传统经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)治疗患者设为对照组(23例),行经尿道膀胱肿瘤剜除术...     

经尿道钬激光整块切除术治疗高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌47例疗效及术后并发症与复发风险的观察

目的 探讨经尿道钬激光整块切除术治疗高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)的效果。方法 选取2019年1月至2021年5月承德医学院附属医院94例高危NMIBC病人进行前瞻性研究,按随机数字表法分组,各47例。对照组行经尿道膀胱肿瘤等离子电切术,观察组行经尿道钬激光整块切除术。比较两组手术相关指标、临床疗效、手术前后外周血循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)计数、肿瘤标志物[癌胚抗原(CEA)、膀胱肿瘤抗原(BTA)、糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9)]、并发症及预后情况。结果 观察组术中出血量、膀胱冲洗、尿管留置及术后住院时间分别为(25.10±4.12)mL、(18.65±6.74)min、(19.57±3.48)h、(8.01±1.69)d,均优于对照组的(43.25±6.78)mL、(24.78±8.12)min、(35.24±5.12)h、(15.32±2.89)d(P<0.05);观察组总有效率87.23%高于对照组68.09%(P<0.05);术后72 h观察组外周血CTCs计数为5.47±2.00,低于对照组的8.96±3.12(P<0.05);术后3、6、12个月观...     

The Comprehensive Complication Index CCI: A proposed modification to optimize short-term complication reporting after cystectomy and urinary diversion

Objective

To optimize complication reporting in patients undergoing cystectomy and urinary diversion (UD) using the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI). The original CCI ranging from 0 (no complications) to 100 (death) integrates all complications weighted by severity over time in a single formula. However, due to the large number of complications after cystectomy and UD, the CCI may exceed the upper limit.

膀胱部分切除术后膀胱功能的康复护理

目的：观察膀胱功能康复训练，对膀胱部分切除术患者的膀胱功能恢复是否有效。方法：选择榜胱部分切除的患者76例，随机分为观察组和对照组各38例。停止膀胱冲洗后观察组和对照组都给予尿道、阴道、肛门括约肌的收缩与舒张训练指导，观察组进行尿管定期开放和饮水量的指导，而对照组不进行尿管定期开放及饮水量的指导。结果：观察组拔除尿管后的第1次排尿时间≥1h的达标率、拔除尿管后第1次排出的尿量≥250mL的达标率、拔除尿管后第1个24h有效睡眠时间≥6h的达标率均高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：膀胱部分切除术后．进行膀胱功能康复训练有助于膀胱功能的恢复。     

保留神经的全膀胱切除术对盲结肠代膀胱控尿功能的影响

目的　探讨保留神经全膀胱切除术对盲结肠代膀胱控尿功能的影响。　方法　膀胱全切盲结肠代膀胱术共 73例 ,其中保留神经组 4 8例 ,非保留神经组 (对照组 ) 2 5例。术后随访 3～ 2 8个月 ,通过问卷和尿垫试验对比术后控尿能力。　结果　拔除尿管后 ,保留神经组白天和夜间可控率分别为 6 5 %和 4 0 % ;对照组为 34%和 2 6 %。术后达到白天和夜间可控所用的平均时间保留神经组分别为 2个月和 4个月 ;对照组为 5个月和 10个月。术后 12个月时 ,保留神经组白天和夜间可控率分别为 96 %和 87% ;对照组为 79%和 6 4 %。两组差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　保留神经膀胱全切盲结肠代膀胱术可以提高术后控尿功能 ,减少尿失禁发生率。     

Comparative analysis of early perioperative outcomes following radical cystectomy by either the robotic or open method.

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed early perioperative outcomes following radical cystectomy by the robotic method compared with the conventional open method. METHODS: All relevant clinical information was entered in a Microsoft Access Database and queried. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 37 consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy; 24 (64.9%) cases were performed by the conventional open method and 13 (29.7%) by the robotic method. Body mass index, age, sex, blood transfusion rate, and median decrease in hemoglobin were comparable between the 2 groups. The robotic method resulted in significantly lower median estimated blood loss, shorter hospital stay, and longer operating time compared with the open group (P < 0.05). Four (16.7%) perioperative complications occurred in the open group compared with 2 (15.4%) in the robotic group (P = 1.0). The incidence of organ-confined (< or =T2N0Mx) disease was 9 (37.5%) and 7 (53.8%) in the open and robotic groups, respectively (P = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy by the robotic method produces early perioperative results comparable to those of the open method. Although intraoperative estimated blood loss and hospital stay were significantly lower in the robotic group, operative time was longer which likely reflects our early operative experience with radical cystectomy by the robotic method.     

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Summary of the 2020 Guidelines

ContextThis overview presents the updated European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (MMIBC).ObjectiveTo provide practical evidence-based recommendations and consensus statements on the clinical management of MMIBC with a focus on diagnosis and treatment.Evidence acquisitionA broad and comprehensive scoping exercise covering all areas of the MMIBC guideline has been performed annually since its 2017 publication (based on the 2016 guideline). Databases covered by the search included Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Libraries, resulting in yearly guideline updates. A level of evidence and a grade of recommendation were assigned. Additionally, the results of a collaborative multistakeholder consensus project on advanced bladder cancer (BC) have been incorporated in the 2020 guidelines, addressing those areas where it is unlikely that prospective comparative studies will be conducted.Evidence synthesisVariant histologies are increasingly reported in invasive BC and are relevant for treatment and prognosis. Staging is preferably done with (enhanced) computerised tomography scanning. Treatment decisions are still largely based on clinical factors. Radical cystectomy (RC) with lymph node dissection remains the recommended treatment in highest-risk non–muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive nonmetastatic BC, preceded by cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for invasive tumours in “fit” patients. Selected men and women benefit from sexuality sparing RC, although this is not recommended as standard therapy. Open and robotic RC show comparable outcomes, provided the procedure is performed in experienced centres. For open RC 10, the minimum selected case load is 10 procedures per year. If bladder preservation is considered, chemoradiation is an alternative in well-selected patients without carcinoma in situ and after maximal resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered if no NAC was given. Perioperative immunotherapy can be offered in clinical trial setting. For fit metastatic patients, cisplatin-based chemotherapy remains the first choice. In cisplatin-ineligible patients, immunotherapy in Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive patients or carboplatin in PD-L1–negative patients is recommended. For second-line treatment in metastatic disease, pembrolizumab is recommended. Postchemotherapy surgery may prolong survival in responders. Quality of life should be monitored in all phases of treatment and follow-up. The extended version of the guidelines is available at the EAU website: https://uroweb.org/guideline/bladder-cancer-muscle-invasive-and-metastatic/.ConclusionsThis summary of the 2020 EAU MMIBC guideline provides updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of MMIBC for incorporation into clinical practice.Patient summaryThe European Association of Urology Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer (MMIBC) Panel has released an updated version of their guideline, which contains information on histology, staging, prognostic factors, and treatment of MMIBC. The recommendations are based on the current literature (until the end of 2019), with emphasis on high-level data from randomised clinical trials and meta-analyses and on the findings of an international consensus meeting. Surgical removal of the bladder and bladder preservation are discussed, as well as the use of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in localised and metastatic disease.     

根治性膀胱切除术配合辅助化疗治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效及其多变量竞争风险分析

目的 探讨根治性膀胱切除术(RC)术后辅助化疗在膀胱癌治疗中的临床效果,为今后临床实践提供参考依据.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2015年1月间于本院行RC治疗的表浅性或浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌359例,观察其辅助化疗结果.结果 随访观察后行意向性分析,结果显示,辅助化疗是降低总体死亡率(95％ CI,HR:0.47,0.34 ～0.61,P＜0.0001)和癌特异死亡率(95％ CI,HR:0.82,0.63～ 0.92,P=0.0339)的独立预测因子,但与竞争死亡率无关.在规避与患者及肿瘤相关的混杂因素后,淋巴结阳性和膀胱外淋巴结阴性膀胱癌患者的顺铂方案辅助化疗结果相似,即均显示出死亡率降低的治疗效果.结论 长期随访结果显示根治性切除术后行辅助性化疗可能降低患者总体死亡率和癌特异死亡率.未来的研究热点应该聚焦于患者行RC后配合新辅助或辅助化疗的疗效对比研究.