鹿胶的本草考证

鹿胶,历史上有2种来源,包括鹿皮胶与鹿角胶,现代以鹿角胶为主,鹿皮胶仅贵州、吉林等民间使用。该文对鹿胶自周朝《周礼·冬官·考工记》以来的古今文献进行梳理,经系统的本草考证,发现①古代鹿胶为六胶(鹿胶、马胶、牛胶、鼠胶、鱼胶、犀胶)之首,除作为黏合剂用于制弓、制墨外,入药成为主流应用,鹿角胶以"白胶"之名入药,始载于东汉《神农本草经》。②因鹿皮的历代用途多样化、贵族化及鹿角获得的便利性等原因,古代鹿胶的制备原料由鹿皮与鹿角并重逐渐演变为以鹿角为主,鹿皮退出主流原料。③鹿胶的基原动物为鹿科马鹿Cervus elaphus、梅花鹿C.nippon外,古代还涉及同科其他动物如麋鹿Elaphurus davidianus、水鹿C.unicolor。④鹿胶加工方法从古代延续至今,未发生显著的变化。⑤鹿皮胶与鹿角胶功效同中有异,均性温,鹿角胶温补肝肾,益精养血,偏于补阳;鹿皮胶既能补阳,又可滋阴补血、止血,实为阴阳双补,具有独特优势。该文的考证结果可为鹿皮胶的推广及药用价值开发提供文献支撑。     

基于仿生提取理论的鹿茸氨基酸成分研究

目的以仿生提取理论为指导,对鹿茸中的氨基酸进行化学成分分析。方法选取同一产地的鹿茸细粉,按提取方式的不同依次分为仿生组和超声组。以7种含量最高的氨基酸及氨基酸总量作为评价指标,使用SIMCA—P11．5及SPSS13．0统计学软件对各项评价指标进行统计学分析。结果仿生组氨基酸总量为（4．74±0．22）g／L,超声组为（1．83±0．14）g/L,仿生组样本中的氨基酸含量明显高于超声组（P〈0．001）;PCA分析结果显示,两组样本之间存在着显著性的差异。结论仿生提取理论作为一种新型中药提取理论,可有效地提高鹿茸中氨基酸的提取效果,对鹿茸相关产品的开发具有重要意义。     

慢性前列腺炎模型大鼠脊髓背角降钙素基因相关肽表达的测定

目的:检测慢性前列腺炎模型大鼠脊髓背角降钙素基因相关肽(Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide,CGRP)的表达.方法:雄性SD大鼠16只,随机分为正常对照组和实验组,实验组在大鼠前列腺侧叶注射完全弗氏佐剂制备慢性前列腺炎模型,Taqman荧光PCR相对定量法检测各组大鼠脊髓背角中CGRP的表达.结果:慢性前列腺炎模型大鼠脊髓背角中CGRP mRNA的表达水平为1.12±0.01,比正常对照组明显增加(P<0.01).结论:CGRP在慢性前列腺炎模型大鼠脊髓背角中表达显著增加,可能参与慢性前列腺炎疼痛的形成.     

小剂量鲁米那联合羚羊角口服液预防婴幼儿高热惊厥再发的研究

目的:探讨小剂量鲁米那联合羚羊角口服液对高热惊厥病史患儿预防惊厥的疗效,从而制定高热惊厥病史婴幼儿最佳用药方案,减少高热惊厥的发生.方法:体温≥38. 5℃的高热惊厥病史患儿152例随机分为四组:2 mg/ kg鲁米那组(A组)、羚羊角口服液组(B组)、小剂量鲁米那(2 mg/ kg)联合羚羊角口服液组(C组)、和没用...     

新疆马鹿角提取物对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞RANKL/OPGmRNA表达的影响

目的 研究新疆马鹿角提取物对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞核因子-kβ受体活化因子配体(RANKL)/护骨素(OPG)mRNA表达的影响.方法 体外培养MC3T3-E1成骨细胞,分别加入含不同剂量新疆马鹿角提取物的培养液,72 h后分别提取细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR方法检测RANKL/OPG mRNA表达.结果 培养72 h后RANKL/OPG mRNA表达的灰度值(0.312±0.0710),与对照组(2.017±0.1320)比较,新疆马鹿角提取物呈浓度依赖性降低RANKL mRNA的表达,增加OPG mRNA的表达,各剂量组RANKL/OPG mRNA吸光度比值降低.结论 新疆马鹿角提取物可能通过调节成骨细胞RANKL/OPG的基因表达,而抑制破骨细胞介导的骨吸收.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase appears and is co-expressed with the neuronal isoform in interneurons of the rat hippocampus after transient ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion

The hippocampus (dentate gyrus DG plus Cornu Ammonis, CA) is vulnerable to neuropathological events such as ischemia. The DG is a region where neurogenesis takes place and it has been demonstrated that ischemia stimulates neurogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in ischemic damage evolution and increases in rat hippocampus after ischemia. No information is available on the presence of nNOS-immunoreactive(IR) neurons in the hippocampus of ischemic animals; whereas, the presence of the iNOS protein has been reported in the DG after focal ischemia.We evaluated, immunohistochemically, the cell types expressing nNOS and iNOS in the rat hippocampus by 24 up to 144 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to ascertain whether ischemia induces changes in nNOS or iNOS expression and whether a relationship exists between these changes and the animal survival.nNOS-IR interneurons were detected in control and ischemic rats; in the latter, their number was significantly decreased at all time points. iNOS-IR interneurons appeared in the hippocampus of ischemic rats at 24 h; their number was significantly higher in the animals with longer survival and did not change at later time points. More than 50% of the nNOS-IR interneurons co-expressed iNOS-IR. All these changes were seen both in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus.In conclusion, the focal ischemia affects the hippocampus which responds bilaterally to the injury. We hypothesize that the decrease in the nNOS-IR neurons is likely due to either a neuronal loss or a switching towards the iNOS production which, by inducing neurogenesis, might compensate the neuronal loss.     

Sex hormone activity in alcohol addiction: integrating organizational and activational effects

There are well-known sex differences in the epidemiology and etiopathology of alcohol dependence. Male gender is a crucial risk factor for the onset of alcohol addiction. A directly modifying role of testosterone in alcohol addiction-related behavior is well established. Sex hormones exert both permanent (organizational) and transient (activational) effects on the human brain. The sensitive period for these effects lasts throughout life. In this article, we present a novel early sex hormone activity model of alcohol addiction. We propose that early exposure to sex hormones triggers structural (organizational) neuroadaptations. These neuroadaptations affect cellular and behavioral responses to adult sex hormones, sensitize the brain's reward system to the reinforcing properties of alcohol and modulate alcohol addictive behavior later in life. This review outlines clinical findings related to the early sex hormone activity model of alcohol addiction (handedness, the second-to-fourth-finger length ratio, and the androgen receptor and aromatase) and includes clinical and preclinical literature regarding the activational effects of sex hormones in alcohol drinking behavior. Furthermore, we discuss the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes and the opioid system in mediating the relationship between sex hormone activity and alcohol dependence. We conclude that a combination of exposure to sex hormones in utero and during early development contributes to the risk of alcohol addiction later in life. The early sex hormone activity model of alcohol addiction may prove to be a valuable tool in the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies.     

鹿尾中5种有害元素的测定

目的通过测定2种鹿尾药材中铜、铅、镉、汞、砷5种有害元素,对鹿尾药材进行质量和食用安全性评价。方法采用微波消解前处理,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铜,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉,用原子荧光法测定汞、砷。结果花鹿尾中铜、铅、镉、汞、砷平均质量分数分别为4.41、0.68、0.054、0.030、0.022mg/kg;马鹿尾中铜、铅、镉、汞、砷平均质量分数分别为4.57、1.08、0.058、0.040、0.018 mg/kg;所有样品中的5种有害元素均在规定的安全标准范围之内。结论该实验证明鹿尾应用具有一定的安全性;本方法操作简单,结果准确,可以作为鹿尾药材质量控制中有害元素的定量方法。     

鹿尾腺总蛋白双向电泳体系的建立

目的:建立一套适用于鹿尾腺总蛋白分析的双向电泳体系,为实现通过蛋白质组学研究手段探究鹿尾腺的组织发育及其发挥药理作用的机制奠定基础.方法:使用三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮沉淀法、饱和酚抽提法和Trizol法3种方法提取鹿尾腺中总蛋白,采用固相pH梯度胶条进行双向电泳,并对蛋白上样量和等电聚焦参数进行选择和优化,凝胶考马斯亮蓝染色后用PDQuest 8.0软件进行图谱分析.结果:Trizol法得到的总蛋白质纯度最高,能满足双向电泳分析对样品的要求,蛋白质样品在7 cm pH 3 ～ 10 IPG胶条上,上样量为300 μg,按优化的程序Ⅱ进行双向电泳,可以得到较满意的双向电泳图谱,此时清晰可见蛋白点数多达209个.结论:通过优化双向电泳条件,建立了适合鹿尾腺蛋白质组学研究的双向电泳体系.同时该体系可以为其他类似的动物组织样品制备和双向电泳提供借鉴.