Effectiveness of a Universally Offered Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening Intervention in the Pediatric Emergency Department

PurposeAdolescents represent more than half of the newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infections in the U.S. annually. Emergency departments (EDs) may serve as an effective, nontraditional setting to screen for chlamydia/gonorrhea (CT/GC). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a universally offered CT/GC screening program in two pediatric ED settings.MethodsThis was a prospective, delayed start pragmatic study conducted over 18 months in two EDs within the same academic institution among ED adolescents aged 14–21 years with any chief complaint. Using a tablet device, adolescents were confidentially informed of CT/GC screening recommendations and were offered screening. If patients agreed to CT/GC testing, a clinical decision support tool was triggered to inform the provider and order testing. The main and key secondary outcomes were the proportion of CT/GC testing and positive CT/GC test results in each respective ED.ResultsBoth EDs experienced modest but statistically significant increases in CT/GC testing post- versus pre-intervention (main: 11.5% vs. 7.9%; confidence interval [CI]: 2.9–4.2; p < .0001 and satellite: 3.8% vs. 2.6%; 95% CI: .7–1.7; p < .0001). Among those tested, the positivity rate at the main ED did not significantly change post- versus pre-intervention (24.1% vs. 23.2%; 95% CI: ?1.9 to 3.8; p = .71) but significantly decreased at the satellite ED (7.6% vs. 14.8%; 95% CI: ?12.2 to ?2.2; p = .01).ConclusionsA universally offered screening intervention increased the proportion of adolescents who were tested at both EDs and the detection rates for CT/GC at the main ED, but patient acceptance of screening was low.     

湖南省新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症和苯丙酮尿症的筛查分析

目的：了解湖南省新生儿先天性甲状功能减低症（CH）和苯丙酮尿症（PKU）的发病情况,早期诊断和治疗。方法：采用时间分辨荧光免疫法（DELFIA）测定促甲状腺素（TSH）浓度,使用盖塞利细菌抑制法或荧光法测定血苯丙氨酸（Phe)浓度。对TSH≥20μU/L或Phe≥0.26mmol/L(2mg/dl)者,进行确诊检查,确诊后给予治疗并随访。结果：湖南省部分地区46323例新生儿,确诊为CH28例（包括3例TSH延期上升型CH）,PKU患儿1例。经治疗随访患者智能体格发育正常。结论：新生儿筛查能早期发现PKU和CH患儿,及时诊断、治疗和预防智力低下发生,值得大力推广。     

唐氏综合征筛查方法研究进展

唐氏综合征是一种最常见的常染色体疾病,是造成智力低下的重要原因。采用母体血清标记物进行唐氏综合征胎儿的筛查是一种非侵入性的检查方法,已成为近年来的研究热点。本文介绍了用于筛查唐氏综合征的各种母体血清标记物、各类筛查方案、筛查方法及影响因素。     

山西省中药产业化发展分析与对策

山西是我国中药材的主产区之一 ,无论古代还是现代党参 ,黄芪等被中医药界公认的地道药材都享誉国内外。文中对我省产量大的数十种中药材进行了阐述 ,并用大量的数据对我省中药材的历史及现状进行了客观的分析 ,与国内中药产业化发展速度快的省市进行了对比 ,同时对国际市场上的相关制药集团的发展也进行了探讨 ,另外对我省中药材产业化发展提出了相应的对策及建议     

3种抗肿瘤有毒蒙药的研究进展

随着社会发展和生活水平的提高,恶性肿瘤已经成为影响人类健康的重大疾病之一。有毒蒙药在治疗疾病及救治疑难杂症中具有重要作用。多种有毒蒙药有一定的抗肿瘤作用,且有着良好的治疗效果,但由于其本身的毒性,使其在临床上的应用受到很大的限制。蒙医在实践中不断摸索出有毒蒙药的多种减毒方法,如采用配伍、炮制等减毒手段进行处理,以达到降低毒性、提高疗效的作用。通过对3种代表性有毒蒙药斑蝥Mylabris、草乌Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix、瑞香狼毒Stellerae Chamaejasmes Radix的抗肿瘤作用、毒性机制及减毒策略进行综述,为其临床用药及新药开发提供依据。     

颈腰综合征的诊断与治疗进展

椎管狭窄在解剖学上表现为椎管容积减少和神经卡压,按病理学分类可分为先天性和特发性[1].前者常因软骨发育不全导致椎弓根长度及间距过短而发生;后者又称为"获得性"椎管狭窄,通常由椎间盘、小关节和黄韧带退行性变导致.椎管狭窄好发于腰椎,其次为颈椎,但胸椎同样可受累,在某些情况下,所有区域可同时受到影响[2].颈腰综合征(串联性椎管狭窄症,TSS)是指颈椎、胸椎和腰椎之间2个及以上区域发生椎管狭窄,同时或先后出现椎管内神经、血管受压,并产生相应临床症状[3].由于TSS常发生上下神经元病变,患者临床症状、体征常与影像学表现不符,易造成漏诊与误诊[4].目前,国内外关于TSS的诊断标准及治疗策略尚未达成一致.如何提高TSS确诊率,哪些区域椎管狭窄需要优先治疗,以及单纯治疗一个区域的椎管狭窄是否能够缓解临床症状等问题目前仍存在争议.本文对近年来国内外TSS的相关研究进行分析,从发生率、临床表现与诊断、治疗方案等方面作如下综述.     

全球针对家族史高危人群的结直肠癌筛查指南推荐意见的系统综述

目的 对全球现有结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查指南的更新进展及推荐意见进行系统总结和评价。方法 以“结直肠癌”“筛查”“指南”“共识”“推荐”“家族史”以及“colorectal cancer”“screening”“guideline”“recommendation”“family history”为关键词,并补充其自由词,系统检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science,并且同时检索官网刊登的结直肠癌筛查指南/共识作为补充,语种限定为中文和英文。截至2022年5月24日,共20篇有效文献。对纳入文献的基本信息、针对家族史人群的推荐意见等进行摘录整理及汇总描述。结果 在20篇文献中,大多数国家/地区/机构根据结直肠癌家族史人群的亲属关系等级,对筛查起止年龄、筛查方式及筛查周期提出建议。多数指南针对有1例60岁前患结直肠癌一级亲属的人群,推荐筛查起始年龄为40岁或比患病亲属诊断年龄提前10年,推荐的筛查方式多为结肠镜。结论 目前全球多数结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查指南主要针对一级亲属家族史、以结肠镜作为主要筛查方式。本文将为我国针对结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查策略的更新提供参考依据,进而完善结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治实践。     

How people of African Caribbean or Irish ethnicity cope with long-term health conditions in UK community settings: A systematic review of qualitative,quantitative and mixed method studies

Living with a chronic or mental health condition can be challenging and requires considerable adjustment. As ways of coping are culturally influenced, it is important to understand how minority ethnic populations cope, to inform appropriate services. This review aimed to explore the coping strategies used by UK residents from an African Caribbean or Irish background between 1960 and 2020. A systematic literature search on strategies used to cope with chronic health conditions in both populations living in the United Kingdom identified 26 relevant studies. Data were extracted, quality of papers was appraised and critical interpretive synthesis was applied. Two major foci of the studies were coping strategies and barriers to coping. The main coping strategies were denial/scepticism, self-management, spirituality and religion. Within each population, there was variation in ways of coping. The review highlights the complex role of religion in influencing coping strategies. It demonstrates how personal and minority ethnic populations’ experiences of service use are connected with stigma, fear and mistrust, which also act as barriers to seeking help and to coping. Coping with a chronic or mental health condition in the Irish and African Caribbean populations is under-researched. Stigma, fear and mistrust in services act as key barriers to help-seeking and religion is a prominent coping strategy. However, few detailed examples were given on how it was used to assist individuals when managing a chronic or mental health condition. Also due to a lack of research, firm conclusions cannot be drawn for the Irish population.     

疫情常态化防控下肿瘤医院发展的PEST分析与策略探讨

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情常态化防控下肿瘤专科医院发展的外部环境变化,结合医院实践提出针对性策略。方法运用PEST模型,分析常态化防控下肿瘤专科医院的政治、经济、社会和技术环境,并以某肿瘤专科医院为例进行具体分析,提出总体策略。结果疫情常态化防控条件下,肿瘤专科医院面对着与其他类型医疗机构共通或特异的崭新环境。针对环境变化,案例医院采取防控与救治相整合、线下与线上相整合、院内院外资源相整合的应对策略,推动医院各项工作的恢复和提升。结论肿瘤专科医院和政府部门应全面把握防控常态化带来的环境变化,围绕疫情防控和肿瘤防治两大主线,制定涵盖短期和中长期等不同时段、更具整合特点的肿瘤专科医院发展策略。     

基于胃癌高发区人群筛查队列的不同胃黏膜病变进展为胃癌风险的前瞻性研究

目的 依托胃癌高发区大规模人群筛查队列分析不同级别胃黏膜病变的患病情况,前瞻性探讨不同胃黏膜病变进展为胃癌的风险,为优化胃癌的筛查策略提供科学依据。方法 基于山东省临朐县胃癌高发区开展的国家上消化道癌早诊早治项目,纳入年龄在40~69岁之间,2012-2018年经内镜筛查和病理诊断明确为各级别胃黏膜病变、且未患有高级别上皮内瘤变（HGIN）或浸润性胃癌的14 087例研究对象,随访至2019年12月31日。随访期内新发胃癌通过重复性胃镜筛查、肿瘤发病和死因登记系统报告以及主动入户随访联合判定,经查阅医院信息管理系统中摘抄的临床病历进行确认。应用Poisson回归模型计算各级别胃黏膜病变进展至胃癌风险的相对危险度（RR）及其95%CI。结果 14 087例研究对象中,胃黏膜正常者仅有8例（0.06%）,最高诊断为浅表性胃炎（SG）、慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）、肠上皮化生（IM）和低级别上皮内瘤变（LGIN）分别为7 608例（54.00%）、2 848例（20.22%）、3 103例（22.03%）和520例（3.69%）。经过前瞻性随访,共有109例研究对象诊断为HGIN（63例）和浸润性胃癌（46例）。与基线正常或仅有SG的个体相比,患有CAG、IM和LGIN的个体进展为胃癌的风险依次增加为3.85倍（RR=3.85,95%CI：2.04~7.28）、5.18倍（RR=5.18,95%CI：2.79~9.60）和19.08倍（RR=19.08,95%CI：9.97~36.53）,其中LGIN组进展为HGIN和浸润性胃癌的风险分别为SG/正常组的22.96倍（RR=22.96,95%CI：9.71~54.27）和14.64倍（RR=14.64,95%CI：5.37~39.93）。各个年龄组患有LGIN者随访期间发生胃癌的风险均显著增加。结论 基于胃癌高发区的大样本人群研究显示,绝大多数40~69岁的高发区居民患有不同程度胃黏膜病变。随胃黏膜病变严重程度的增加,随访期间发生胃癌的风险呈级联上升趋势。