沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白属共同抗原表位的鉴定

应用针对沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋一具有广谱反应性的单抗证实了该蛋白上存在共同抗原表位，进一步鉴定了鞭蛋白基因表达产物，结果同样表明该类共同抗原表位的存在。通过对该共同抗原表位在沙门氏菌属内外的分布规律测定，显示出它的属特异性。用单抗ＣＢＢ和display status     

A possible mechanism for host-specific pathogenesis ofSalmonellaserovars

We have identified the complement receptors on human and murine macrophages involved in the recognition ofSalmonellaserovars, and investigated their relevance to the intracellular survival.S. typhiwas capable of surviving within human monocyte-derived macrophages, whereasS. typhimuriumwas not. Conversely,S. typhimurium, but notS. typhi, resisted intracellular killing by murine macrophages, demonstrating that the intracellular survival ofSalmonellaserovars is host-dependent. In the presence of serum opsonin, human monocyte-derived macrophages recognizedS. typhiandS. typhimuriumvia complement receptor type 1 (CR1) and type 3 (CR3), respectively. In contrast, murine macrophages recognizedS. typhiandS. typhimuriumvia CR3 and CR1, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the intracellular fate ofSalmonellaserovars following phagocytosis may depend on the type of complement receptors involved in their recognition, in that CR1-mediated recognition is closely correlated to subsequent intracellular survival. The Tn5 insertion mutant ofS. typhimuriumwhich lacks the ability to interact with CR1 was sensitive to intracellular killing by murine macrophagesin vitro, and was much less virulent to micein vivo, confirming the relevance of CR1-mediated bacterial recognition to the pathogenicity ofS. typhimuriumfor mice. These results suggest that selective recognition ofSalmonellaserovars through CR1 may lead to their subsequent intracellular survival, and is responsible for the host-specific pathogenesis ofSalmonellaserovars.     

恶性疟原虫抗原基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的表达及免疫原性的初步鉴定

将人工合成的恶性疟原虫杂合７４肽抗原基因克隆到表达载体ｐＷＲ４５０－１中，获得了重组质粒ｐＷＲＣ，将其先转化到减毒伤寒沙门氏菌ＬＢ５０００修饰后，再转化到ＳＬ３２６１，得到重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲＣ）。ｐＷＲＣ在ＳＬ３２６１中以β－半乳糖苷酶－杂合多肽抗原Ｃ融合蛋白（ＧＺ－Ｃ）形式表达，表达量约占菌体蛋白总量的１１．３％．Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ及免疫双扩散显示ＧＺ－Ｃ可与兔抗ＧＺ－Ｃ抗原的免疫血清发生特异反应。ＧＺ－Ｃ识别兔抗ＧＺ－Ｃ及鼠抗恶性疟原虫抗血清的ＥＬＩＳＡ滴度分别为１：３２００及１：５１２０。初步结果表明ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲＣ）表达的ＧＺ－Ｃ具有抗原性。连续传代ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲＣ）未见质粒ｐＷＲＣ丢失及对宿主有明显的毒性。     

A non-classical monocyte-derived macrophage subset provides a splenic replication niche for intracellular Salmonella

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In vitro mutagenicity of valepotriates

Valepotriates are epoxide-bearing triesters of the monoterpene alcohol 4,7-dimethylcyclopenta-(c)-pyrane isolated from the roots of several Valerianacae species. They are regarded as the main tranquilizing constituents of these drugs.Although the valepotriates valtrate/isovaltrate (VAL) and dihydrovaltrate (DH-VAL) showed a strong alkylating activity against the nucleophilic agent 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine (NBP), they were not clearly mutagenic for the strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 of Salmonella typhimurium or for the strains WP2 and WP2 uvrA^– of Escherichia coli in the absence of a metabolic activation system (S9-mix). However, the valepotriates were mutagenic for TA100, WP2 and WP2 uvrA^– at concentrations up to about 1.0 mole/plate when S9-mix was added to the test system. With more than 1 mole/plate the valepotriates were toxic in the presence of a metabolic activation system for all strains tested. The mutagenicity of the valepotriates was inversely related to the protein content of the S9-mix used. The mutagenicity and toxicity of the valepotriates could be inhibited when the S9-mix was preincubated with the esterase inhibitor paraoxon (1 mM) for 5 min before the test compounds and bacteria were added. Therefore, bioactivation of the valepotriates by an enzymatic hydrolysis of their ester groups is considered. This could be proven by activating the valepotriates with purified esterase.Parts of this paper were presented at the Congress, Fortschritte in der Arzneimittelforschung, April 17–20, 1983 in Munich     

2018—2021年北京市沙门菌血清型及喹诺酮类耐药表型和基因型分析

目的 分析2018—2021年北京市肠道门诊哨点医院分离到的沙门菌血清型及喹诺酮类药物耐药表型和耐药基因的流行情况。方法 采用玻片凝集法鉴定血清型;微量肉汤稀释法测定药物敏感性;全基因组测序数据通过与MLST和ResFinder数据库比对,查询ST型别和耐药基因。结果 228株沙门菌共检出42种血清型,51种ST型。其中肯塔基沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌和黄金海岸沙门菌等9种血清型比较常见。77株沙门菌（33.8%）对萘啶酸耐药;40株（17.5%）对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药;38株（16.7%）对吉米沙星耐药。不同血清型对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性不同。228株沙门菌共筛选出5种喹诺酮耐药基因:qnrS（23.7%）、aac(6’)-Ib-cr（8.3%）、qnrB（6.6%）、OqxAB（1.3%）和qepA（0.4%）;喹诺酮耐药决定区存在gyrA和parC的7种氨基酸突变:以parC:T57S（70.2%）最常见,其次是gyrA:D87N（14.9%）、parC:S80I（14.5%）、gyrA:S83F（14.5%）、gyrA:D87Y（7.9%）、gyrA:D87G（5.3%）和gyrA:S83Y（1.8%）。在组合突变中,以parC:S80I-gyrA:D87N-gyrA:S83F三突变,并伴随parC:T57S最多。耐药基因和突变位点在9种常见血清型中的检出率存在差异。结论 北京市沙门菌血清型及ST型种类繁多,携带喹诺酮耐药基因以qnrS、aac(6’)-Ib-cr和 qnrB为主,存在gyrA和parC多个位点突变并协同作用。应持续监测血清型和耐药性,以指导临床有针对性合理用药。     

2015—2020年湖南省感染性腹泻病原学及分子流行病学特征分析

目的 了解湖南省感染性腹泻的病原谱,追踪其分子流行病学演变趋势,为感染性腹泻的综合防治提供科学依据。 方法 通过哨点监测结合暴发疫情监测的方法,收集2015—2020年湖南省感染性腹泻标本,对细菌病原采用细菌培养、生化鉴定进行检测;对病毒病原采用分子生物学方法进行分型鉴定,并对部分PCR阳性标本进行序列测定。 结果 哨点医院主动监测的总阳性率为35.61%,病毒检出率20.26%高于细菌检出率11.26%,混合病原感染检出率为4.09%。细菌病原谱以沙门菌O∶4群鼠伤寒型为主,病毒病原谱以轮状病毒A组G9P[8]型和诺如病毒GⅡ.4Sydney[P31]型感染为主。不同监测、不同年份的病原谱构成及其基因型变迁规律各不相同:哨点医院监测细菌阳性率低而病毒阳性率高时,诺如暴发疫情随之增加;暴发疫情中诺如病毒感染为86.78%,其中69.43%为GⅡ型感染,12.42%为GⅠ型感染,混合感染占3.03%。诺如病毒暴发疫情具有明显季节性,优势基因型为GⅡ.2[P16]占42.97%。 结论 2015—2020年湖南省感染性腹泻病毒类病原体高于细菌类,鼠伤寒沙门菌、A组轮状病毒G9P[8]和诺如病毒GⅡ.4 Sydney [P31]是最主要的病原体和优势血清/基因型;GⅡ.2 [P16]是诺如病毒暴发流行的优势基因型;通过连续哨点监测的数据支持,提前为暴发疫情做好了防控,促成了湖南省感染性腹泻发病率的平稳下降。     

Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States

Provision of safe drinking water in the United States is a great public health achievement. However, new waterborne disease challenges have emerged (e.g., aging infrastructure, chlorine-tolerant and biofilm-related pathogens, increased recreational water use). Comprehensive estimates of the health burden for all water exposure routes (ingestion, contact, inhalation) and sources (drinking, recreational, environmental) are needed. We estimated total illnesses, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, deaths, and direct healthcare costs for 17 waterborne infectious diseases. About 7.15 million waterborne illnesses occur annually (95% credible interval [CrI] 3.88 million–12.0 million), results in 601,000 ED visits (95% CrI 364,000–866,000), 118,000 hospitalizations (95% CrI 86,800–150,000), and 6,630 deaths (95% CrI 4,520–8,870) and incurring US $3.33 billion (95% CrI 1.37 billion–8.77 billion) in direct healthcare costs. Otitis externa and norovirus infection were the most common illnesses. Most hospitalizations and deaths were caused by biofilm-associated pathogens (nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, Legionella), costing US $2.39 billion annually.     

Recency-Weighted Statistical Modeling Approach to Attribute Illnesses Caused by 4 Pathogens to Food Sources Using Outbreak Data,United States

Foodborne illness source attribution is foundational to a risk-based food safety system. We describe a method for attributing US foodborne illnesses caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter to 17 food categories using statistical modeling of outbreak data. This method adjusts for epidemiologic factors associated with outbreak size, down-weights older outbreaks, and estimates credibility intervals. On the basis of 952 reported outbreaks and 32,802 illnesses during 1998–2012, we attribute 77% of foodborne Salmonella illnesses to 7 food categories (seeded vegetables, eggs, chicken, other produce, pork, beef, and fruits), 82% of E. coli O157 illnesses to beef and vegetable row crops, 81% of L. monocytogenes illnesses to fruits and dairy, and 74% of Campylobacter illnesses to dairy and chicken. However, because Campylobacter outbreaks probably overrepresent dairy as a source of nonoutbreak campylobacteriosis, we caution against using these Campylobacter attribution estimates without further adjustment.     

Sexual Contact as Risk Factor for Campylobacter Infection,Denmark

Campylobacteriosis is a disease of worldwide importance, but aspects of its transmission dynamics, particularly risk factors, are still poorly understood. We used data from a matched case-control study of 4,269 men who have sex with men (MSM) and 26,215 controls, combined with national surveillance data on Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp., to calculate matched odds ratios (mORs) for infection among MSM and controls. MSM had higher odds of Campylobacter (mOR 14, 95% CI 10–21) and Shigella (mOR 74, 95% CI 27–203) infections, but not Salmonella (mOR 0.2, 95% CI 0–13), and were less likely than controls to have acquired Campylobacter infection abroad (χ² = 21; p<0.001). Our results confirm that sexual contact is a risk factor for campylobacteriosis and also suggest explanations for unique features of Campylobacter epidemiology. These findings provide a baseline for updating infection risk guidelines to the general population.