不同时期世界卫生组织主要政策及其变化趋势研究

世界卫生组织政策是一种在世界范围内的公共政策,包括法律、公约、条例以及指南等多种形式。本文概括了六个时期世界卫生组织政策的环境和重要内容,并提出世界卫生组织政策从援助到合作,从治愈疾病到安全和发展的两个重要变化。文章还探讨了世界卫生组织政策变化趋势及其对我国卫生政策发展和国际卫生合作方面的启示,对系统了解国际卫生政策的发展历程、地位作用,加强我国的国际卫生合作具有一定参考价值。     

对中国医改后所面临问题的分析——从医·保·患三方关系的角度

针对中国医改后所面临的医疗卫生服务费用大幅上涨、医患关系紧张等问题,从理论和现实两方面,对医、保、患三方利益关系进行对比分析,提出三方关系的不平衡发展是导致当前问题的一个重要原因,并给出了相应的对策建议。     

Drug testing in Australian schools: Policy implications and considerations of punitive, deterrence and/or prevention measures

BackgroundThere have been increasing national and international calls for the introduction of drug testing as a policy measure to address harmful drug use. Such strategies have been applied in workplaces, sporting arenas, prisons and more latterly school settings. They are predicated on a belief in their efficacy in reducing drug-related harm, a need to ‘send the right’ message to potential users and to reassure the community at large that ‘something is being done.’ Rigorous examination is required of purported benefits of drug testing in schools.MethodsA comprehensive examination was made of testing efficacy and accuracy. Australian legal and ethical issues, encompassing duty of care, rights of the child and privacy determinations, were juxtaposed with that of the United States of America.ResultsEvidence examined indicates no compelling case for the application of drug testing and that caution should be applied when considering drug testing as a drug detection and prevention strategy in the school setting.ConclusionWhile this review did not support school drug testing, there are alternative evidence-based strategies that schools can implement to prevent drug-related problems among student populations.     

Cold cook methods: An ethnographic exploration on the myths of methamphetamine production and policy implications

BackgroundUrban legends and myths are prevalent in drug-use environments. However, the distinction between myth and fact is not always clear. We found contradictory claims regarding the emergence of cold cook methods for producing methamphetamine when contrasting user-generated reports with official reports repudiating such methods as myths. Our aim is to open the topic for more academic discussion.MethodsWe examine cold cook methods of methamphetamine production revealed in our ethnographic study and interviews with former (n = 50) and current (n = 48) methamphetamine users. Data were collected in the suburbs of a large southeastern city in the United States. We compare the data with reports from law enforcement professionals and public health officials.ResultsOfficial reports claim the cold cook method described by users in our study is a myth and does not produce methamphetamine. Small-scale producers sell it as methamphetamine and users claim it has the same effect as methamphetamine. They are charged for possession and distribution of methamphetamine when caught with this drug. It appears the unintended consequences of recent policy aimed to reduce production and use of methamphetamine may be a user-friendly production method. We do not know the health implications at this time.ConclusionWe do not make any definitive conclusions on the legitimacy of the stories or myths discussed here but instead suggest that labelling drug stories as myths might lead to dismissing facts that hold partial truth. The subsequent dismissal of cold cook methods among policy and public health officials risks a range of unintended consequences among vulnerable populations. We present our case for more research attention on the myths of methamphetamine production.     

完善我国基本药物制度若干政策建议

目的:对完善我国基本药物制度提出建议。方法:分析我国实施基本药物制度存在的问题及其他国家的成功经验。结果与结论:鉴于我国医药经济发展水平和药品研发能力的现实情况,应从世界卫生组织和其他发达国家成功的基本药物实践经验中获得启发,改善《基本药物目录》遴选方法,赋予基本药物制度法律地位,根据我国国情建立基本药物的生产、采购、配送体系,最终建立适合我国的基本药物制度。     

英国专利药价格管理政策述评

目的:评价英国专利药价格管理政策。方法:阐述英国专利药价格管理政策,并对其实施效果进行分析,最后总结其特点及适用条件。结果与结论:英国专利药价格管理政策在鼓励药品研发和创新方面起到很大作用,使英国的制药产业处于全球领先水平。但该政策体系并未充分体现药品的临床价值,不利于引导企业研发真正具有临床需求且成本-效果好的药品,并且在药品费用控制方面作用有限。     

Activity-based funding for National Health Service hospitals in England: managers’ experience and expectations

Activity-based funding of hospital services has been introduced progressively since 2003 in the National Health Service (NHS) in England, under the name ‘Payment by Results’ (PbR). It represents a major change from previous funding arrangements based on annual “block” payments for large bundles of services. We interviewed senior local NHS managers about their experience and expectations of the impact of PbR. A high degree of ‘NHS solidarity’ was apparent, and competition between NHS hospitals was muted. PbR has been introduced against a background of numerous other efficiency incentives, and managers did not detect a further PbR-specific boost to efficiency. No impact on care quality, either positive or negative, is yet evident.      

党校学员开展预防艾滋病培训及政策研讨效果分析

目的了解山西省委党校学员对艾滋病防治政策、疫情及相关知识的知晓情况,比较培训前后在认知上的变化,探索在党校日常培训中加入艾滋病防治课程的可能性。方法采用问卷调查和深度访谈两种方式对山西省委党校学员开展艾滋病知识培训及政策研讨。结果认为艾滋病快速传播会影响经济发展和社会稳定的学员从83.4％上升到92.3％;认为很有必要了解艾滋病知识的学员从50.0％上升到61.4％;认为艾滋病目前仍不能治愈的学员从77.0％上升到99.0％;知晓仍没有预防艾滋病疫苗的学员从40.0％上升到91.0％。结论部分学员培训前对艾滋病防治政策、疫情、相关知识了解有限,对艾滋病及患者存在一定的歧视态度,培训后有一定改变。提示应在党校开展艾滋病知识讲座和宣传,提高党政领导对艾滋病防治工作的认识。     

我国卫生政策研究者与决策者互动交流的现状与对策

文章利用文献综述等方法,综述了国际上政策研究与决策之间关系研究的主要经验,分析当前我国医疗卫 生领域政策研究者与决策者互动交流的主要方式和存在的主要问题,并提出促进我国卫生政策研究者与决策者互动交流的政策建议.     

丹江口库区移民心理健康及其影响因素研究

[目的]研究丹江口库区移民心理健康水平与政策认知程度及社会支持的关系。[方法]运用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)以及自编的移民政策的认识程度调查表对随机抽取的381名移民进行调查。[结果](1)移民的心理健康状况较非移民差;(2)客观支持和移民政策了解程度能在一定程度上预测移民心理健康水平。[结论]移民搬迁影响移民心理健康,心理健康水平受个体社会支持和政策认知程度的影响。