促进民族医药跨越式发展的研究思路

从民族医药的特点，地位和作用出发，结合目前面临的机遇和挑战，探讨民族医药研究的发展思路。认为应以市场为导向，重点研究民族医药的特色与优势，在继承的基础上，利用现代科学技术跨学科联合研究，并通过建立信息数字化网络体系，制定科学规范的评价标准和技术标准，不断丰富和完善临床医疗体系和理论体系，促进民族医药的跨越式发展。     

中国东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童口腔细菌学检测分析

目的了解东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童龋齿的流行情况,并分析导致龋齿的细菌因素,为进一步预防及控制龋齿提供依据。方法选取3个民族的100名5岁儿童和165名12岁儿童,由口腔专业医师按照世界卫生组织的诊断标准及方法进行龋齿检查、测定唾液和牙菌斑中变异链球菌水平以及对牙菌斑的细菌学涂片进行分析。结果东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童龋齿患病率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5岁儿童唾液中的变异链球菌水平东乡族以2级(32.0%)和3级(56.0%)为主,裕固族以0级(60.0%)和1级(32.0%)为主,两者间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);12岁儿童唾液中的变异链球菌水平东乡族以3级为主(48.0%),保安族以2级(27.3%)和3级为主(38.2%),裕固族以0级(48.3%)和1级为主(33.3%),3组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同一民族12岁儿童4个牙菌斑部位的变异链球菌分布及程度较一致,但东乡族儿童牙菌斑的变异链球菌水平以2级和3级为主,保安族和裕固族儿童均以0级和1级为主,不同民族间4个牙菌斑部位变异链球菌水平的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。各族5岁儿童与12岁儿童正常牙的牙菌斑细菌含量球菌和杆菌比例的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),但龋齿的牙菌斑细菌含量为球菌比例升高、杆菌比例下降,其中5岁儿童正常牙与龋齿的球菌和杆菌比例的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童的龋齿患病率较低,东乡族儿童唾液和正常牙的牙菌斑中变异链球菌数量较多,各族儿童患龋后口腔细菌中球菌和杆菌的数量发生明显变化。     

西部汉区少数民族大学生疏离感状况研究

目的对西部汉族地区少数民族大学生进行调查研究,以期得出西部汉区少数民族大学生疏离感状况。方法采用《大学生疏离感量表》随机对西部汉族地区520名少数民族大学生进行调查研究。结果少数民族大学生存在一定程度的疏离感,其中社会疏离感和人际疏离感较高;少数民族大学生疏离感在以年级划分的分组上差异较显著,表现出从低到高,再从高到低的年级发展变化趋势;对以现居住地和在汉区居住年限划分的分组上在大多数因素方面差异不显著。结论居住西部汉区的少数民族大学生存在着一定的疏离感,在社会人际因素以及年级区分上表现明显。     

Epidemiology of HIV infection among Israeli Arabs

OBJECTIVE: Israeli Arab citizens comprise Israel's largest minority group (15.6% of Israelis>12 years old). The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in this group for the first time at a national level, and to identify health promotion and treatment needs. METHODS: All HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases among Israeli Arab citizens that were notified to the Ministry of Health between 1985 and 2002 were analysed and compared with other Israelis (excluding immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa and their children). RESULTS: Twenty-five AIDS cases and 51 HIV-positive cases were notified in adult/adolescent Israeli Arabs, (3.4% of all adult/adolescent cases). In addition, four child cases were reported. The cumulative rates for Arab and non-Arab Israelis were 10.1 and 37.8/100,000, respectively. The gender ratios (male/female) were 3.3 and 4.4 for AIDS cases and HIV cases, respectively. The median age was 31.5 years [interquartile range (IQR)=12] for AIDS cases and 30 (IQR=12) for HIV cases. Modes of transmission were heterosexual contact (34%), intravenous drug use (21%), male homosexual contact (19%), unknown (14%), haemophilia (6%), children of at-risk parents (4%) and blood (2%). The mean interval from HIV notification to AIDS diagnosis was 1.5 years until 1998 and 2.8 years thereafter. Knowledge, attitudes and practices studies on AIDS in Arabs are also discussed in this article. CONCLUSION: HIV prevalence is lower in Arab Israelis than in non-Arab Israelis and Arabs residing in neighbouring countries. Nevertheless, the shorter interval from HIV notification to AIDS diagnosis in Arab Israelis suggests a lower rate of HIV testing and diagnosis at a later stage of infection. Patterns of transmission in Arab Israelis need further evaluation, including behavioural surveys.     

How experiences and attitudes relating to female circumcision vary according to age on arrival in Britain: a study among young Somalis in London

Objective. To examine the association between age on arrival in Britain and experiences and attitudes relating to female circumcision among young, single Somalis living in London.

Design. The study population consisted of single male and female Somalis aged 16–22 years living in the Greater London area. Quantitative data were collected using a cross‐sectional survey based on snowball sampling aiming to obtain data on 100 males and 100 females. Qualitative data were collected from 10 males and 10 infibulated females.

Results. Quantitative data were obtained for 94 females and 80 males. Living in Britain from a younger age was associated with increased assimilation in terms of language, dress and socialising. Seventy per cent of the females reported being circumcised with two‐thirds of operations being infibulation. Those who were living in Britain before the usual age range for circumcision (before age six) were less likely to be circumcised (42%) than those who arrived after the usual age range for circumcision (11 or older) (91%). During in‐depth interviews, health and sexual problems due to female circumcision were described with great emotion and interviewees acknowledged the association between the importance of virginity for marriage and circumcision. Half of males who arrived aged 11 or older wanted a circumcised wife compared with less than a quarter of those who arrived at a younger age. Eighteen per cent of female respondents and 43% of males intended to circumcise any daughters. Females were less likely than males to agree with the assumptions about sexuality and religion that underpin the practice. Substantial proportions of respondents perceived that their parents' expectations in terms of marriage and circumcision were more traditional than their own.

Conclusion. Living in Britain from a younger age appears to be associated with abandonment of female circumcision and with changes in the underlying beliefs on sexuality, marriage and religion that underpin it. Groups identified with more traditional views towards female circumcision include males, older generations, new arrivals and those who show few signs of social assimilation.     

The Los Angeles Lift Off: a sociocultural environmental change intervention to integrate physical activity into the workplace

PURPOSE: To present the development and feasibility testing of a sociocultural environmental change intervention strategy aimed at integrating physical activity into workplace routine. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, post-test only, intervention trial. Setting. Los Angeles County Department of Health Services' worksites. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-nine employees, predominantly sedentary, overweight, middle-aged women of color, distributed across 26 meetings. INTERVENTION: A single 10-min exercise break during work time involving moderate intensity, low-impact aerobic dance and calisthenic movements to music. MEASURES: Primary-level of participation, particularly among sedentary staff; secondary-self-perceived health status, satisfaction with current fitness level, and mood/affective state. RESULTS: More than 90% of meeting attendees participated in the exercises. Among completely sedentary individuals, intervention participants' self-perceived health status ratings were significantly lower than controls' (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.60; P = 0.0003). Among all respondents not regularly physically active, intervention participants' levels of satisfaction with fitness were more highly correlated with self-ranked physical activity stage of change (r = 0.588) than the control participants' (r = 0.376, z = -2.32, p = 0.02). Among the completely sedentary, control participants reported significantly higher levels of energy than did intervention participants (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Captive audiences may be engaged in brief bouts of exercise as a part of the workday, regardless of physical activity level or stage of change. This experience may also appropriately erode sedentary individuals' self-perception of good health and fitness, providing motivation for adoption of more active lifestyles.     

新疆地区维吾尔族大学生人格特征初探

目的了解维吾尔族（维族）大学生的人格特征,为少数民族大学生健康人格教育提供依据。方法采用卡特尔16种人格因素问卷对666名维族大学生进行测试。结果维族大学生与大学生常模在乐群性、聪慧性、恃强性等12项人格特质上的差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）;在次级人格因素和应用人格因素上,高、低分者人数少于常模,得分在中等范围的人数多于常模。结论维族大学生人格中有积极的方面,也有其消极的方面。应重视该人群的人格教育。     

四川省阿坝州藏羌和汉族儿童少年骨量影响因素分析

目的了解四川省阿坝州藏、羌、汉族儿童少年骨量的影响因素,为制定学生营养政策、预防骨质疏松提供基础资料和科学依据。方法采用问卷调查方式,收集四川省阿坝藏羌自治州1821名7～18岁藏、汉、羌族男、女生的膳食营养素摄入和体力活动情况,测量身高和体重;采用生物电阻抗仪测定体成分,并用双能X线吸收仪（DEXA）测定前臂近端1/3处和远端1/10处骨矿物含量（BMC）和骨面积（BA）。结果多元线性回归分析发现,瘦体重对前臂远端1/10处和前臂近端1/3处的BMD和BMC的变异贡献要高于其他因素,其标准偏回归系数分别为0.567,0.687,0.346和0.482;藏族、钙摄入量、体力活动能量消耗等因素对前臂远端1/10处BMD和BMC的作用有统计学意义,其标准化回归系数分别为0.094和0.061,0.034和0.022,0.034和0.024。结论体重（尤其是瘦体重）是儿童少年骨量的主要影响因素,民族、膳食营养素摄入、体力活动因素也是影响儿童少年骨量的重要因素。     

拉祜族民间医治疗外伤药用植物的调查

在拉祜族聚居的地区澜沧、镇源等县调查收集和整理了民间草医治疗外伤的药用植物,对其生长习性,药用部位,功效及使用方法进行了概述,供进一步研究参考。     

我国6个少数民族应征男青年体能状况比较研究

目的：了解不同民族应征男青年的体能状况。方法：按照国军标《士兵体能的测定和评价》，对回、蒙、藏、壮、土家和满族应征男青年的立定跳远、俯卧撑、仰卧起坐、肺活量4项成绩进行评估分析。结果：不同民族间各项测试成绩的差别均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。回族各参数均最大，土家族的肺活量最小，藏族的立定跳远、俯卧撑和仰卧起坐最小。回族、蒙族立定跳远中等以上的检出率最高，分别为55．9％和51．9％，藏族和壮族立定跳远差的检出率较高，分别为72．7％和50．2％。回族和壮族俯卧撑中等以上检出率较高，分别为47．2％和50．2％，藏族俯卧撑差的检出率最高，为55．0％。回族、蒙族仰卧起坐合格率最高，分别为57．7％和45．6％，藏族和壮族的不合格率最高，分别为77．1％和78．0％。结论：我国少数民族应征男青年的体能状况总体较差，且不同民族间存在差异，应进一步研究不同民族间差别的影响因素，并制定有针对性的综合干预计划，以改善我国少数民族青年的体能状况。