乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族学龄前儿童行为问题现状及影响因素分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族学龄前儿童行为问题现况并探讨其影响因素。方法采用Connet＇s量表教师问卷（TRS）和自拟影响因素问卷，对乌鲁木齐市835名学龄前儿童的教师和家长进行问卷调查。结果维吾尔族学龄前儿童行为问题总检出率4．0％，男童为4．4％，女童为3．7％，性别之间无统计学差异（P〉0．01）。男童多动指数得分明显高于女童（P〈0．01），4岁儿童各因子得分均高于其他年龄（P〈0．01）。行为问题发生的影响因素有：带养人、父亲职业、母亲职业、父母工作繁忙否、儿童的分娩情况和发育情况等。结论家庭环境和生物因素对维吾尔族学龄前儿童行为问题的发生有重要影响，应采取综合防治措施。     

铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成影响因素的研究

目的检测各种因素对铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)生物膜形成的影响。方法采用恒化器结合改良Robbins装置培养铜绿假单胞菌生物膜,用超声振荡-活菌计数法检测不同条件下形成的生物膜内的活细菌数。结果固定其他条件不变,8、24、72 h的生物膜内活菌数分别为4.01±0.26、4.59±0.49、5.20±0.47 log10CFU/引导片,P<0.01;固定其他条件不变,23、37℃形成的生物膜内活菌数分别为5.12±0.43、5.30±0.42 log10CFU/引导片,P<0.05;固定其他条件不变,分别以玻璃和硅胶为生物膜引导片所形成生物膜内活菌数分别为5.49±0.59、6.21±0.40 log10CFU/引导片,P<0.01;固定其他条件不变,分别以30、90 ml/h的培养基流速,其生物膜内活菌数依次为5.44±0.58、5.83±0.52 log10CFU/引导片,P<0.01;固定其他条件不变,分别以M63、M-H和LB作为培养基,生物膜内活菌数依次为6.01±0.75、6.24±0.42、6.66±0.12 log10CFU/引导片,P<0.01。结论延长培养时间、培养温度为37℃、粗糙的黏附材料、高流速和营养丰富的培养基均有利于铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的形成。     

浅谈国防教育对医学生综合素质的影响

21世纪,高校国防教育已成为素质教育不可分割的一部分。现代高技术与医学密切结合,人类社会已进入一个崭新的时代,医学教育的时空观念也将向终生化和国际化方面跟进,这将促使医学教育的思维模式随之转变,文章采用理论联系实际的方法,通过收集大量的相关文献,对文献进行梳理和比较,再通过问卷调查相关数据以及材料的分析以及理论推理的分析总结出国防教育和医学生素质教育之间存在一定的联系,国防教育对医学生的素质提高在道德素质、人文素质、身体素质、心理素质、人际交往和创新素质等多个方面有促进作用。     

Identifying cut-off scores with neural networks for interpretation of the incontinence impact questionnaire

We propose to determine cut-off scores for the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) based on the neural network (NN) approach. These cut-off scores should discriminate between patients having poor, moderate, or good quality of life (QoL) secondary to their incontinence problems. Data from two prospectively completed QoL questionnaires, the IIQ (n = 237) and the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) (n = 237), were analyzed using NN and conventional statistical tools. Kohonen networks identified three distinct clusters of IIQ scores. The three clusters represent the full spectrum of possible scores on the IIQ. We interpreted these clusters as reflecting good, moderate, and poor QoL. We estimated that a score of less than 50 on the IIQ would be representative of good QoL, between 50 and 70 would be moderate QoL, and greater than 70 would be indicative of poor QoL. Validation with the SF-36 data confirmed these categories. The present study demonstrated that the NN approach is opening new areas in the interpretation and clinical usefulness of QoL questionnaires. NN allowed the identification of three levels of QoL and should be useful in clinical decision making.     

Immune-enhancing enteral diet selectively augments ileal blood flow in the rat

BACKGROUND: Prior indirect studies have suggested that a functional epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) appears to be indispensable for the adaptive response of the remnant intestine to massive small bowel resection (SBR). The recent availability of a specific pharmacologic EGFR inhibitor enabled us to more directly test the hypothesis that EGFR signaling is required for postresection intestinal adaptation. METHODS: Mice (C57B1/6, n = 26) underwent a 50% SBR or sham operation and were then given orogastric EGFR inhibitor (ZD1839, 50 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. After 3 days, indices of adaptation (wet weight, crypt depth, and villus height) and apoptotic index (number of apoptotic bodies per crypt) were calculated in the ileum. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activated EGFR was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS: ZD1839 prevented EGFR activation and the normal postresection increases in ileal wet weight, villus height, and crypt depth. Enterocyte proliferation was reduced twofold in the SBR group by ZD1839. Although not statistically significant, rates of enterocyte apoptosis were the highest in the inhibitor-treated mice. CONCLUSION: Following massive SBR, pharmacologic inhibition of the EGFR attenuates proliferation and the normal adaptive response of the intestine. These results more directly confirm the requirement of a functional EGFR as a mediator of the postresection adaptation response. This study demonstrates an in vivo application of a novel selective EGFR inhibitor and offers a unique experimental model to gain mechanistic insight into understanding postresection intestinal adaptation.     

全国城市居民健康社区强化干预快速评估效果分析

目的 评估全国各城市在春节期间开展“干预活动”的落实情况和活动效果。方法 采用电话访谈、实地抽查部分社区卫生服务机构和浏览、搜索全国各地、各级、各类互联网网站对开展“干预活动”的相关报道等方法。结果 (1)电话成功地采访了12个城区115家社区卫生服务机构，其中96家社区卫生服务机构开展了入户走访活动，96家开展了健康教育讲座／活动，60家开展了张贴宣传画活动；(2)实地抽查北京、天津、河北省石家庄市的19个社区卫生服务机构，全部张贴了宣传画，这些机构周围500m范围内随机拦截的社区调查居民，听过“干预活动”的占64、6l％，参加过健康教育讲座的占28．65％，看到过宣传画的占40．45％；(3)全国各地共有32家各级、各类网站和报刊转载或刊登了开展“干预活动”的通知和消息。结论 (1)全国各地绝大多数的卫生行政部门能够按照卫生部的统一要求认真安排、部署落实；(2)全国各地因地制宜地开展了形式丰富多彩的“干预活动”：(3)社区居民积极参加了“干预活动”；(4)社区卫生服务宣传工作得到加强；(5)快速评估工作有效，并在评估方法上有所创新。     

The expected impact of new vaccines and vaccination policies

Aim  The purpose of this paper is to outline the potential of newly available vaccines and highlight the evolution of tools required for correctly assessing the impact of immunisation policies. Subjects and methods  We review an entire range of critical factors in the evaluation of the impact of new vaccines and vaccinations, including herd immunity, immunological memory, epidemiology and indirect effects of immunisation on vaccine-preventable diseases and illnesses. Results  The impact of newer vaccines on public health has become as complex as it is promising: the benefits of vaccinating according to aged-based rather than at-risk-based recommendations (e.g. influenza vaccine); societal benefits going beyond the mere avoidance of death and hospitalisation (e.g. rotavirus vaccine); prevention of associated pathological states, of many confirmatory tests following a positive result of screening and psychological distress (e.g. human papillomavirus vaccine); or reduction of serious sequelae and associated chronic suffering (e.g. zoster vaccine). Conclusion  The changing context of vaccinology offers new challenges for research methods and orientations. Clearly, we must shift from the concept of prevention of disease to that of prevention of illness. Developing tools for the precise measurement of these phenomena involves multidisciplinary co-operation in the development of dynamic models; at the same time, we must improve our communication skills for explaining complex issues to the larger public.     

饮酒对成人红细胞免疫及其调节功能影响的研究

目的 探讨饮酒对红细胞免疫及其调节功能的影响.方法 对饮酒组(94人)和对照组(62人)健康成人分别检测其红细胞受体花环率(RBC-C3bRR)、红细胞免疫复合物花环率(RBC-ICR)、红细胞免疫增强因子(EF)及抑制因子(IF)的变化.结果 饮酒组的RBC-C3bRR、EF水平低于非饮酒组(P均＜0.01),而RBC-ICR水平则高于非饮酒对照组(P＜0.01);相关分析表明RBC-C3bRR、EF水平与饮酒量及饮酒时间负相关,而RBC-ICR、IF水平则与被动饮酒量及饮酒时间呈正相关.结论 长期大量饮酒可引起继发性免疫功能低下及降低红细胞免疫调节能力.     

不同能量弹丸致颅脑伤后生理病理研究

目的：为了探求致伤能量与伤情的关系，就我军制式弹丸致颅脑火器伤的生理、病理进行研究。方法：手、步枪弹丸在常见的射距内致狗颅脑贯通伤。观测伤后生理指标和病理改变。结果：步枪弹组和手枪弹组均在伤后数分至１小时内出现明显的心率减慢，血压下降，颈动脉血流量减少，呼吸停止且不易恢复，表现为脑干功能衰竭。减速弹组伤后数分钟内出现一过性血压增高，心率变慢，颈动脉血流量增高，呼吸减慢或暂停，以后生理指标逐渐恢复近正常水平。脑伤道以外的病理改变，步枪弹组表现神经细胞缺血，坏死不明显，脑干出血；手枪弹组表现脑血管扩张，充血，血管周围环形出血，神经细胞轻度缺血、坏死；减速弹组表现神经细胞缺血，坏死和明显脑水肿，无脑干出血。三组间脑伤道破坏区直径无差异，出血区宽度有显著差异。结论：致伤能量愈大，生理指标变化愈明显，脑伤道出血区愈宽，减速弹组动物模型可为今后颅脑枪弹伤研究提供一新的方法。     

Psychosocial aspects of road traffic trauma--benefits of an early intervention?

PURPOSE: To assess the psychosocial consequences of traffic accidents, and to evaluate the effect of an intervention programme to reduce the occurrence and extent of psychosocial residual states. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A telephone interview was conducted with 314 individuals, 1(1/2)-2 years after the accident in 1994-1995. The effect of the intervention programme was studied for inpatients, 68 in the study group, and 89 in the control group. The structured follow-up form included the Impact of Event Scale (IES). RESULTS: Half of those injured had residual physical complaints with negative effects on their work- and economic-situation. An influence on housing or the need for practical assistance was reported by 1-7%. Mental effects were reported by 4/5. IES demonstrated that 1/5 suffered a high degree of intrusion, and this occurred twice as often among females as among males. Situational anxiety occurred more often in the intervention group than in the control group, p=0.02. More individuals in the intervention group than in the control group were satisfied with the medical certificate to the insurance company, p=0.058. CONCLUSIONS: Females were afflicted by mental effects considerably more than males. The intervention programme did not appear to reduce the psychosocial sequelae. The methods within this area need to be further developed.