Positive Distraction in Pediatric Healthcare Waiting Spaces: Sharing Play Not Germs through Inclusive,Hands-Free Interactive Media

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To investigate the value of shared opportunities for positive distraction in pediatric healthcare environments.

Methods: Self-selected activities of 271 young people (5–19 years) with diverse neurodevelopmental conditions were observed in an ambulatory pediatric rehabilitation clinic. Shared opportunities included hands-free media (nature video or interactive media) and an aquarium. Anxiety was self-reported on the State Trait Anxiety Scale upon arrival and after 10 minutes in the waiting space.

Results: Young people engaged more with shared opportunities for distraction (n = 170/271) than personal items brought from home (n = 119/271), p = 0.02. Personal electronic devices were used by 67 young people, but did not positively impact anxiety. Interactive media and the aquarium significantly reduced anxiety (p < 0.04) while the nature video appeared to increase anxiety (p = 0.036). Age influenced activity preference and anxiety. Shared, hands-free interactive media engaged individuals of diverse age and mobility.

Conclusion: Shared opportunities for positive distraction in healthcare facilities are valuable, particularly hands-free interactive media.     

Out‐of‐pocket costs for paediatric admissions in district hospitals in Kenya

Objective To describe out‐of‐pocket costs of inpatient care for children under 5 years of age in district hospitals in Kenya. Methods A total of 256 caretakers of admitted children were interviewed in 2‐week surveys conducted in eight hospitals in four provinces in Kenya. Caretakers were asked to report care seeking behaviour and expenditure related to accessing inpatient care. Family socio‐economic status was assessed through reported expenditure in the previous month. Results Seventy eight percent of caretakers were required to pay user charges to access inpatient care for children. User charges (mean, US$ 8.1; 95% CI, 6.4–9.7) were 59% of total out‐of‐pocket costs, while transport costs (mean, US$ 4.9; 95% CI, 3.9–6.0) and medicine costs (mean, US$ 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–1.0) were 36% and 5%, respectively. The mean total out‐of‐pocket cost per paediatric admission was US$ 14.1 (95% CI, 11.9–16.2). Out‐of‐pocket expenditures on health were catastrophic for 25.4% (95% CI, 18.4–33.3) of caretakers interviewed. Out‐of‐pocket expenditures were regressive, with a greater burden being experienced by households with lower socio‐economic status. Conclusion Despite a policy of user fee exemption for children under 5 years of age in Kenya, our findings show that high unofficial user fees are still charged in district hospitals. Financing mechanisms that will offer financial risk protection to children seeking care need to be developed to remove barriers to child survival.     

海口市基层医院医生哮喘知识掌握状况调查

目的 了解基层医生对支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)相关知识的认识情况.方法 2014年10~12月采用不记名闭卷的方法对海口市14家基层医院共150名医生进行哮喘知识问卷调查.内容涉及对哮喘相关组织的了解、哮喘诊断、分期、分级、药物治疗、吸入药物注意事项等.结果 本次调查共回收有效问卷144份,平均(45.1±21.4)分,及格率为39.6%(57/144).二级医院医师65名,平均(50.3±23.1)分,及格率为52.3%(34/65);一级医院医师54名,平均(38.5±21.4)分,及格率为33.3%(18/54);社区服务站医师25名,平均(38.2±21.3)分,及格率为20.0%(5/25);二级医院医师平均分和及格率均优于一级医院和社区服务站,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).中级职称组及格率为60.5%(23/38),成绩(50.1±21.3)分,优于初级职称组(30.3%,30/99),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).30~39岁组、40~49岁组医师及格率和成绩分别为57.6%(19/33)、(55.6±20.3)分和56.0%(14/25)、(56.6±24.7)分,优于23~29岁组[28.8%(21/73),(40.5±23.6)分],50~64岁组及格率比30~39岁组低[23.1%(3/13)vs 57.6%(19/23)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).本科学历组及格率为57.4%(35/61),平均成绩为(55.6±23.1)分,优于中专和大专组[11.1%(1/9)、28.4%(21/74)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 基层医院医生对哮喘临床知识欠缺,迫切需要加强基层医生支气管哮喘知识教育.     

陕西省乡镇卫生院全科医生对抗生素使用的知识-态度-行为研究

目的：调查乡镇卫生院全科医生对抗生素的用药知识、态度和行为现状,为规范临床抗生素合理使用提供理论依据。方法：采用自行设计的"全科医生对抗生素合理使用的知识-态度-行为"问卷,于2016年3月到6月期间对陕西省乡镇卫生院全科医生进行问卷调查。问卷包括个人信息、知识、态度和行为4个部分。结果：共发放问卷250份,得到有效问卷234份,有效回收率93.6%。受访者对抗生素相关知识得分的中位数为6（6-7）,获得相关知识的主要途径是教材和培训,不同性别受访者对抗生素的认知水平存在统计学差异;受访者对抗生素用药的总体态度和行为得分分别为31.71±3.93和26.97±3.17;抗生素相关知识与态度、态度与行为的相关系数分别为0.139和0.146（p<0.05）。结论：全科医生对抗生素相关专业知识掌握不够牢固,存在滥用倾向,有超过1/3的全科医生会经常经验性地使用抗生素。建议政府继续加大对乡镇卫生院的卫生资源投入和配置;加强对社区医生,尤其是全科医生抗生素用药的岗位培训和继续教育。     

上海市方舱医院新型冠状病毒肺炎患者心理健康状况调查及影响因素研究

目的调查上海市2022年3月以来新一波新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情期间方舱医院新冠肺炎患者心理健康状况,并分析影响因素,为开展针对性的心理干预和治疗提供科学依据。方法于2022年4月6日—5月11日,采用横断面研究、方便抽样法,应用微信小程序“同心守沪”对上海市3所方舱医院新冠肺炎患者采用突发性公共卫生事件心理问卷,调查心理健康状况,并初步分析影响因素。结果共268例患者完成问卷调查,心理症状检出者261例（97.4%）,其中抑郁、神经衰弱、恐惧、强迫-焦虑、疑病症状检出率分别为80.6%、69.8%、89.6%、75.4%、41%。心理健康总评分影响因素有年龄（P=0.008）、躯体疾病（P=0.03）、既往是否有精神心理问题（P＜0.001）、疫情对心身的影响程度（P＜0.001）;抑郁评分（P=0.019）和神经衰弱评分（P=0.021）还受教育程度影响;神经衰弱评分还受性别影响（P=0.024）;疑病评分还受新冠肺炎认知程度影响（P=0.007）。结论上海市方舱医院集中隔离治疗点内患者恐惧、抑郁、强迫-焦虑症状多见,心理异常症状严重程度以轻、中度为主。随年龄越小、受教育程度越高、女性患者、有躯体疾病、既往存在精神心理问题、对新冠肺炎认知程度低、疫情对心身影响程度越大,心理症状总分越高,症状越严重。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期方舱医护人员共情疲劳及影响因素分析

目的了解新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期方舱医护人员共情疲劳现状及其影响因素。方法应用专业生活质量量表(ProQOL)和心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)对在武汉市3所方舱医院工作的219名医护人员进行问卷调查。结果方舱医院医护人员共情疲劳得分为共情满意维度(38.74±7.83)分,职业倦怠维度(21.64±5.05)分,继发性创伤应激维度(20.90±6.29)分;其中轻度共情疲劳105人(47.95%),中度共情疲劳32人(14.61%),重度共情疲劳23人(10.50%);共情疲劳受医护人员工作单位所在省份、突发公共卫生事件工作史、方舱工作时间、工作环境适应情况、工作负荷、睡眠情况、心理弹性的影响(P0.05,P0.01)。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下医护人员共情疲劳现象普遍存在,可通过加强突发公共卫生事件相关培训与督导、合理人力资源管理、创造良好的工作氛围、加强一线医护人员人文关怀等措施帮助改善共情疲劳状态,维护医护人员的身心健康。     

美国医院如何控制细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性?

“如何控制细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性”在关国医院内是一个热门话题,医生们基于临床经验所建立的一些临床治疗“指南”,其中之一是合理和正确指导使用抗菌药物。为此,对该“指南”中关国医院对抗菌药物的使用现状（主要以上呼吸道疾病为例）和成人合理使用抗菌药物的指导原则,以及合理和正确使用抗茵药物的处方指南作一介绍。