用AHP模型综合评估学生体质健康

目的：综合评价学生体质健康状况。方法：利用现代计算机技术提供的手段用AHP模型以人一机对话的方式对我国各省市学生体质与健康水平和学生体质状况进行了综合评估。结果：得到了学生体质健康排序权值。结论：这种方法具有定性分析与定量分析相结合的特点，能够充分考虑到人在体质与健康综合评估中的主观能动作用，是一种十分有效的评价方法。     

头孢替唑钠与头孢哌酮治疗小儿急性细菌性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效比较

目的:评价头孢替唑钠治疗小儿急性细菌性下呼吸道感染的临床有效性、安全性。方法:轻、中度急性细菌性下呼吸道感染患儿115例分成2组,头孢替唑组58例,予头孢替唑钠20～80mg/(kg·d),溶于10%葡萄糖溶液中,分2次静脉滴注。头孢哌酮组57例,予头孢哌酮50～150mg/(kg·d),分二次静脉滴注。两组均以7~10d为一疗程。结果:头孢替唑钠组与头孢哌酮组的临床有效率分别为93%与91%(P>0.05),细菌清除率分别为92%与89%(P>0.05)。两组均无明显的不良反应。结论:头孢替唑可作为治疗小儿轻、中度急性细菌性下呼吸道感染有效和安全的抗生素。     

教育研究中的问题及评价

教育科学研究是探索和揭示教育过程中未被认识或未被完全认识的现象、本质和规律的一种活动。而问题研究又是教育科学研究的关键,能否选择一个真问题进行研究将直接决定教育科学研究的质量与成败。本文从问题的概念分析入手,从传统认识论中真理论的观点出发并综合多位学者的观点探讨了什么是真问题,最后粗浅地分析了教育课题研究中的真问题。     

Patterns of teen exposure to a community-based violence prevention project

This paper describes the implementation of a community-based youth violence prevention project that utilized an educational curriculum and a mass media campaign. The extent of penetration of the intervention into target areas and the degree of contamination of control areas are assessed, and the most frequently contacted forms of educational outreach are identified. Two sources of data, provider interviews and a random digit dialed telephone survey, were used to track the source and extent of teens' exposure to the intervention. Agency provider data revealed that 40% of the 92 contacted agencies actually conducted violence prevention education, reaching 22% of the target area teens. Approximately one-half of the surveyed teens reported some exposure to the program, with 13% of the teens in target areas reporting participation in interactive educational activities associated with the project. The most common source of exposure was the media campaign. Most teens report a single exposure, usually to the media campaign, although 29% report contact with more than one form of violence prevention education. While the project did not achieve community saturation, the data show that the community-based model of intervention for violence prevention is feasible and effective in reaching teenagers. This research highlights some difficulties in evaluating prevention programs, including reconciling community ownership with project identification, the ethics of curtailing services for control purposes, and factors influencing recall of participation.     

Comparison of the APACHE III, APACHE II and Glasgow Coma Scale in acute head injury for prediction of mortality and functional outcome

Objectives: This study examines the efficacy of the predicting power for hospital mortality and functional outcome of three different scoring systems for head injury in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU). Design: On the day of admission, data were collected from each patient to compute the Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and III, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. Hospital mortality was defined as the deaths of patients before discharge from hospital. Early mortality was defined as death before the 14th day after admission. Late mortality was defined as death after the 15th day from admission. Functional outcome was evaluated by Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Index of ADL). Setting: An 8-bed NICU in a 1270-bed medical center in Taichung Veterans General Hospital. Patients and participants: Two hundred non-selected patients with acute head injury were included in our study in a consecutive period of 2 years. Patients less than 14 years old were not included. Interventions: None. Measurements and results: Sensitivity, specificity and correct prediction outcome were measured by the chi-square method in three scoring systems. The Youden index was also obtained. The best cut-off point in each scoring system was determined by the Youden index. The difference in Youden index was calculated by Z score. A difference was also considered if the probability value was less than 0.05. The area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was computed. Then the area under ROC of each scoring system was compared by Z score. There was statistical significance if p was less than 0.05. For prediction of hospital mortality, the best cut-off points are 55 for APACHE III, 17 for APACHE II and 5 for GCS. The correct prediction outcome is 82.4% in APACHE III, 78.4% in APACHE II and 81.9% in the GCS. The Youden index has best cut-off points at 0.68 for APACHE III, 0.59 for APACHE II, and 0.56 for GCS. The area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is 0.90 in the APACHE III, 0.84 in the APACHE II and 0.86 in the GCS. There are no statistical differences among APACHE III and II, and GCS in terms of correct prediction outcome, Youden Index and the area under the ROC curve. Other physiological variables excluding GCS in APACHE III and II (AP III-GCS, AP II-GCS) have less statistical value in the determination of mortality for acute head injury. For the prediction of late mortality, APACHE III and II yield significantly better results in the area under the ROC curve, correct prediction and Youden index than those of GCS. Other physiological variables (AP III-GCS and AP II-GCS) play an important role in the prediction of late mortality in APACHE scores. For prediction of the functional outcome of surviving patients with acute head injury, the APACHE III yields the best results of correct prediction outcome, Youden index and the area under the ROC curve. Conclusion: The APACHE III and II may not replace the role of GCS in cases of acute head injury for hospital or early mortality assessment. But for prediction of the late mortality, the APACHE III and II have better accuracy than GCS. Other physiological variables excluding GCS in the APACHE system play a crucial contribution for late mortality. GCS is simple, less time-consuming and economical for patients with acute head injury for the prediction of hospital and early mortality. The APACHE III provides better prediction for severe morbidity than GCS and APACHE II. Therefore, the APACHE III provides a good assessment not only for hospital and late mortality, but also for functional outcome. Received: 22 May 1995 Accepted: 2 September 1996     

河北省2001年麻疹流行病学分析与监测系统运转状况评价

为了掌握河北省麻疹的流行病学特点 ,对 2 0 0 1年麻疹监测系统运转情况进行了分析。全年共报告麻疹疑似病例 6 95例 ,临床诊断 73例 ,实验室确诊 2 76例 ,实验室排除 346例。根据分析结果 ,2 0 0 1年河北省麻疹的流行病学特征是 :春季高发 ;学龄前儿童和小学生为重点发病对象 ;18 6 %的报告病例无免疫史 ,4 7 9%免疫史不详。针对病例的地域和年龄分布 ,提出在 2 0 0 2年对重点地区和人群开展麻疹疫苗的后续强化免疫。分析相关年龄麻疹病例的免疫史 ,说明常规免疫工作存在一些问题 ,要着重提高麻疹疫苗接种的及时性和接种质量。一些监测指标 ,如报告及时率、病例调查率、标本采集率等有待提高。     

师范大学学生艾滋病知识现况调查及健康教育近期效果评价

目的 了解师范大学学生艾滋病相关知识及行为现状，为高校制定艾滋病健康教育规划提供参考。方法 抽取天津师范大学2000年入学新生，通过集体讲座，使用统一的调查问卷在教育前后分别调查学生艾滋病相关知识及态度，并利用EPIinf0软件进行分析。结果 天津师范大学一年级学生健康教育后对艾滋病性质、主要传播途径等的正确回答率都有所提高，能够正确对待艾滋病病毒感染者，教育前后学生对性行为的态度无明显改变。学生希望获得艾滋病知识的前4位方式均为电视、报刊书籍、卫生课和医生。结论 从国情和现实需要出发，在大学生中开展适时、适度、适量的性健康教育和健康行为教育，对预防性病艾滋病有着积极的意义。     

预防艾滋病健康教育媒体材料效果评价比较研究

目的评价4种预防艾滋病健康教育媒体材料的信息传播效果和材料效果。该材料由课题组于2003-2005年间设计制作，包括“艾滋病知识”折页、“了解艾滋病”海报、“预防艾滋病健康教育手册”和“认识艾滋病”宣教片等4种。方法2005年12月在珠海市选取小学以上文化程度的18～60岁外来工为测试对象，随机分组对4种材料分别进行评价，各调查了251、248、257和252人，共1008人。通过问卷调查了解受访者的一般情况和对材料信息的可接受性、通俗性和材料形式的生动性等8项指标的评价，采用分级定量赋分的方法进行量化评分，采用SPSS10．1统计软件进行统计分析、比较。结果4种材料的信息传播效果和材料效果总得分平均值分别为74．2±15．0、77．7±13．5、73．0±13．8和77．2±13．6，得分最高的是海报，为77．7±13．5分，最低的是手册，为73．0±13．8分，差异有统计学意义，这种差异主要体现在信息传播效果的差异，而材料效果的差异无统计学意义。通俗性、简明性、生动性和可接受性是影响得分高低的主要因素。结论海报是最适合用于城市外来工进行预防艾滋病健康教育的传播材料，其次是宣教片。     

护士观察量表在住院精神病患者中的应用探讨

目的应用护士观察量表(NOSIE)对住院精神病患者病情进行纵向观察评定,调查不同住院阶段、不同病种患者病情变化特点,协助护士完善护理评估、护理诊断及制定护理措施。方法运用护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE-30)对129例住院精神病患者进行评定。入院48小时内进行第一次评定,以后每周评定一次,出院时再评定一次。结果随着病情的缓解,患者的各项评分虽有明显改善,但是,在社会兴趣评分方面仍然处于较低水平。精神分裂症组与非精神分裂症组第一次评分比较显示：精神分裂症组个人整洁、总分、总积极分低于非精神分裂症组(P＜0．05)；而精神病表现分高于非精神分裂症组(P＜0．001),与精神分裂症患者精神病性症状较多相吻合。第二次评分比较显示：精神分裂症组精神病表现分仍然高于非精神分裂症组(P＜0．01),提示一周内精神病性症状缓解不明显；总积极分低于非精神分裂症组(P＜0．05)。第三次评分比较显示：非精神分裂症组激惹、抑郁分高于精神分裂症组(P＜0．05)。结论对新入院的精神分裂症患者护理工作重点在于生活护理和精神病症状的观察、处理；针对恢复期精神病患者存在社会兴趣的障碍,应该及早进行心理干预、行为治疗、健康教育,提高患者的康复效果。     

血清纤维结合蛋白的酶免疫检测法

目的建立血清纤维结合蛋白(Fn)含量的酶免疫分析(EIA)检测方法。方法利用现有Fn检测试剂盒建立Fn的EIA测定法,并对所建立的方法从灵敏度、精密度、特异性、重复性等方面进行方法学评价。结果该法灵敏度为11．69ml／L,线性范围为50～300mg／L,批内变异系数为 3．82％,批间变异系数为5．10％,回收率97．7％。肺结核组及正常对照组血清Fn含量分别为 (188．82±5．51)mg／L和(275．25±18．11)mg／L,两组间差异有显著性意义(P<0．01);肺结核稳定期患者血清Fn显著高于进展期及好转期(P<0．05)。结论该方法线性范围适宜,准确度、精密度较好,符合临床检验工作要求。