Seroprevalence and incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the Legnano area of Italy.

The decreasing prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in Europe has re-opened the question of the appropriateness of serological screening during pregnancy. A study of 3426 pregnant women, resident in the Legnano area of Italy, revealed that the IgG seroprevalence according to ELISA was 21.5%, and that of IgM according to ELISA and enzyme-linked fluorescent assay was 1.2% and 0.9%, respectively. The incidence of infection, estimated on the basis of IgG avidity, was 0.9%. These results confirm a decrease in the prevalence of IgG, but indicate a high incidence of infection, thus suggesting that screening for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies during pregnancy should be maintained.     

Some epidemiological aspects of pyloric stenosis in British Columbia

The records of an ongoing Health Surveillance Registry that utilizes multiple sources of ascertainment were used to study the incidence rate of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) in liveborn children in British Columbia during the period 1966–1977 inclusive. The incidence was 4.6 males/1,000 livebirths and 1.2 females/1,000 livebirths, giving a male to female ratio of 3.1 to 1. No significant overall incidence variations with time could be shown during the study period. There was suggestive evidence of independent sex-incidence variation in different geographical regions, which clearly warrants further investigation.     

Early dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi without generalized symptoms in patients with erythema migrans

The diagnosis of erythema migrans (EM) is not always easy, and reports of culture- or PCR-confirmed diagnosis as well as reports of EM with simultaneous disseminated disease are few. Characteristics and incidence of EM in addition to frequency of early dissemination of B. burgdorferi were studied in the archipelago of South-Western Finland prospectively using questionnaires, skin biopsies and blood samples. Clinical EM was recognized in 82 patients (incidence 148/100,000 inhabitants/year). Of skin biopsy samples, 35.5% were positive by PCR (the majority B. garinii), and 21.5% by cultivation (all B. garinii). Of blood samples, 3.8% were positive by PCR, and 7.7% by cultivation. Of the patients, 30.9% were seropositive at the first visit, and 52.9% 3 weeks later. Of the patients with laboratory confirmed diagnosis, the EM lesion was ring-like in 31.8% and homogeneous in 65.9%. Dissemination of B. burgdorferi, based on culture or PCR positivity of blood samples, was detected in 11.0% of the patients. The frequency of generalized symptoms was nearly the same in patients with as in those without dissemination (22.2% vs 27.4%). Only 21.4% of the patients with culture-positive EM recalled a previous tick bite at the site of the EM lesion. We conclude that EM lesions are more often homogeneous than ring-like. B. burgdorferi may disseminate early without generalized symptoms.     

Incidence and case-fatality rates resulting from the 1998 enterovirus 71 outbreak in Taiwan

In 1998, an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in Taiwan, leaving many fatalities and severely handicapped survivors in its wake. The reasons this rather common pathogen would cause such a large-scale epidemic remain unknown. A seroepidemiological survey to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of this outbreak, including its incidence and case-fatality rates was undertaken. Microneutralization tests for antibodies against enterovirus 71 were used to screen four collections of serum samples: 1) 202 specimens taken from individuals > or = 4 years old in 1994; 2) 245 specimens collected from individuals of all ages in 1997; 3) 1,258 specimens collected from individuals of all ages in 1999; and 4) sera samples from a birth cohort of 81 children who had yearly blood samples taken from 1988-98. After the maternal antibody had declined, the seropositive rates began to increase with age. Approximately half of all children aged 6 years or older were enterovirus 71 seropositive. Significantly higher seropositive rates were noted in 1999 than in 1997, in children aged 0.5-3 years. The incidence of enterovirus 71 infection during the epidemic was estimated to be 13-22%, with the higher rates in younger children. The case-fatality rate was highest (96.96 per 100,000) in infants aged 6-11 months, and declined in older children. The results showed that enterovirus 71 is endemic in Taiwan. The apparent lack of large-scale enterovirus 71 activity in the 3 years before 1998 might have been the prelude to the epidemic's appearance in 1998, and might suggest that enterovirus 71 infection will reappear every few years. The lack of a protective antibody in younger children may account for the high incidence and case-fatality rate in this age group.     

泸州市473例新报告50岁及以上男性艾滋病患者性途径感染原因分析

目的调查泸州市中老年男性艾滋病疫情高发的原因,为制订有针对性的干预策略提供依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,2019年对473例新报告的泸州市50岁及以上中老年男性艾滋病感染者/病人展开性伴、安全套使用及商业性行为等主要内容的问卷调查,采用卡方检验进行差异性分析,检验水准α=0.05。结果分别有81.6%、62.8%和10.1%的人有商业性行为、固定性伴/配偶和临时性伴,除固定性伴比例随年龄增长呈下降趋势(χ²_趋势=6.934,P=0.008)外,其余性伴类型没有统计学差异。与不同性伴发生性关系,近1年从未使用安全套比例均超过90%。无配偶(35.8%)、配偶不在身边(30.8%)、诱惑/好玩(22.4%)是寻找商业性伴的前3位原因;性交易对象以本地为主,本乡镇占56.0%。固定场所(46.3%)和接头拉客(43.7%)是最主要的寻找商业性伴方式。多数性交易价格低于50元,年龄越大,<50元的占比越大(50岁~59岁、60岁~69岁、≥70岁分别为52.1%、78.0%和80.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=22.061,P<0.001)。结论中老年男性通过寻找商业性伴满足其性需求,交易价格偏低。该群体存在多性伴行为、基本不使用安全套行为等现象,是其艾滋病疫情快速增长的重要原因。     

2011—2020年重庆市结核病防治经费投入与效益产出分析

目的 评估重庆市2011—2020年结核病防治经费投入产生的社会效益。方法 收集《传染病监测系统》中2011—2020年重庆市登记涂阳肺结核患者（初治涂阳和复治涂阳）治疗转归情况和肺结核患者劳动人口比例,历年各级政府结核病防治经费投入,历年全市人均国内生产总值（gross domestic product,GDP）等数据,采用常用卫生经济学方法评估10年间结核病防治经费投入的社会效果、社会效用和社会效益。结果 2011—2020年,全市共投入结核病防治经费约3.60亿元,成功治疗涂阳肺结核患者60 924例,避免45.69万名健康人受传染,挽救43.41万个伤残调整生命年（disability adjusted life year,DALY）,为社会节约医疗费用3.26亿元,挽回社会经济损失约176.25亿。保持目前的设施设备和人员条件不变,每投入787.70元即可避免1名健康人被传染,每投入829.16元即可挽救1个DALY,每额外投入1元即可产生49.87元的经济效益。结论 10年间重庆市结核病防治经费投入产生了较大的卫生经济效益,建议各级政府继续加大结核病防治经费投入。     

2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区职业病发病情况分析

目的调查了解2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区职业病发病情况,为进一步制定针对性的职业病防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法从"职业病及健康危害因素监测信息系统"中导出2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区职业病报告卡,提取病例及用人单位基本情况和诊断信息等,采用SPSS 19.0软件建立数据库并进行描述性统计分析。结果2006—2020年重庆市涪陵区共报告新发职业病8类443例,发病例数除2012年出现爆发式增长外(236例,53.27%),其余年份发病较为平稳。男性441例,女性2例,以职业性尘肺病为主(409例,92.33%),患者平均发病年龄为60.55岁,平均接害工龄为2年(2,12),用人单位行业主要分布在建筑业(247例,61.29%)。尘肺病病例以壹期(236例,57.70%)、矽肺病例为主(343例,83.82%)。行业分布前3位分别为建筑业(246例,60.15%)、采矿业(80例,19.56%)和公共管理、社会保障和社会组织(54例,13.20%)。除尘肺病外其他类型职业病以职业性化学性中毒(14例)和职业性耳鼻口腔疾病(13例)居多,其中又以氟及其无机化合物中毒(10/14)及噪声聋(12/13)居多。结论尘肺病仍然是重庆市涪陵区职业病防治工作的重中之重,控制增量,保障现存患者的治疗和康复,提高其生存质量,是今后尘肺病防治工作的重点,同时应重点加强对噪声作业和氟作业危害的关注。     

外来务工子弟小学学生血红蛋白检测结果分析

目的:了解上海市高桥社区外来务工子弟小学学生血红蛋白值的变化特征,为制定预防贫血的策略提供参考依据。方法:以2019学年上海市高桥社区外来务工子弟小学1~4年级所有在校学生为研究对象,分别于2019年6月和2020年6月对其进行血红蛋白值检测。结果:共检测学生730人,其中男生417人(57.12%)、女生313人(42.88%)。男生两次血红蛋白均值分别为(128.95±13.72)g/L和(133.07±13.32)g/L,女生分别为(126.25±12.33)g/L和(128.87±12.84)g/L,男生两次血红蛋白均值均高于女生,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为8.19和4.33,P值均<0.05)。7岁组、8岁组、9岁组和10岁组学生第二次血红蛋白均值均高于第一次,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.82、3.34、5.53和3.11,P值均<0.05)。肥胖组、超重组、正常组、轻度消瘦组、中重度消瘦组学生血红蛋白均值第二次均高于第一次,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.50、2.94、7.08、2.26和2.20,P值均<0.05)。研究对象贫血发病率、恢复率和人群持续率分别为13.32%、61.48%和6.44%。女生贫血发病率和人群持续率均高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为4.45,4.35,P值均<0.05);各年龄组贫血发病率、恢复率和人群持续率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为19.91、7.62和12.78,P值均<0.05);不同营养状况学生贫血发病率、恢复率和人群持续率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为16.65、5.11和37.26,P值均<0.05)。结论:应加强对外来务工子弟小学学生的贫血检测工作,干预措施重点实施对象为女生、低年级、消瘦和持续贫血的学生。     

社区新冠疫情防疫人员心理健康状况及影响因素

摘 要：目的：了解上海市高桥社区外来务工子弟小学学生血红蛋白值的变化特征,为制定预防贫血的策略提供参考依 据。方法：以2019学年上海市高桥社区外来务工子弟小学1～4年级所有在校学生为研究对象,分别于2019年6月和2020年 6月对其进行血红蛋白值检测。结果：共检测学生730人,其中男生417人 （57.12%）、女生313人 （42.88%）。男生两次血红 蛋白均值分别为 （128.95±13.72） g/L和 （133.07±13.32） g/L,女生分别为 （126.25±12.33） g/L和 （128.87±12.84） g/L,男生 两次血红蛋白均值均高于女生,差异有统计学意义 （t值分别为8.19和4.33,P值均＜0.05）。7岁组、8岁组、9岁组和10岁 组学生第二次血红蛋白均值均高于第一次,差异均有统计学意义 （t值分别为5.82、3.34、5.53和3.11,P值均＜0.05）。肥胖 组、超重组、正常组、轻度消瘦组、中重度消瘦组学生血红蛋白均值第二次均高于第一次,差异均有统计学意义 （t值分别 为 3.50 、2.94 、7.08 、2.26 和 2.20,P值均＜0.05）。研究对象贫血发病率、恢复率和人群持续率分别为 13.32%、61.48%和 6.44%。女生贫血发病率和人群持续率均高于男生,差异均有统计学意义 （χ2值分别为4.45,4.35,P值均＜0.05）;各年龄组 贫血发病率、恢复率和人群持续率比较,差异均有统计学意义 （χ2值分别为19.91、7.62和12.78,P值均＜0.05）;不同营养 状况学生贫血发病率、恢复率和人群持续率比较,差异均有统计学意义 （χ2值分别为 16.65、5.11和 37.26,P 值均＜0.05）。 结论：应加强对外来务工子弟小学学生的贫血检测工作,干预措施重点实施对象为女生、低年级、消瘦和持续贫血的学生。     

龙岩市2005—2020年急性出血性结膜炎流行特征分析

目的 了解2005—2020年龙岩市急性出血性结膜炎病例的流行趋势,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法对龙岩市2005—2020年急性出血性结膜炎病例资料进行分析。结果 2005—2020年龙岩市共报告急性出血性结膜炎1 949例,发病率为0.54/10万～18.71/10万,年均发病率为4.56/10万,2007年、2010年和2014年出现发病高峰,其余时间保持在一定水平波动。8—10月为集中发病期;病例主要分布在漳平、上杭、永定;男性年均发病率为5.03/10万,高于女性的4.08/10万(χ2=21.31,P<0.05);发病年龄为出生9 天至98岁,平均年龄为29.36岁,<10岁和25～50岁年龄组病例数较多;主要发病人群为农民、学生、幼托儿童等。结论 应在该病的高发季节来临前对高发人群及时发布预警信息,加强主动监测,开展病原体监测,及早发现,及时报告,防止疫情发生蔓延。