重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及同源性

目的检测分离自重症监护病房(ICU)的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及其间的同源性。方法20株鲍曼不动杆菌分离自2005年5~8月我院ICU病人的标本,物体表面,肥皂盒,呼吸机管道和穿刺导管以及医务人员的手。采用纸片扩散法及E-test法进行药敏试验及MIC值测定,用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对20株鲍曼不动杆菌进行分型。结果15株对包括碳青霉烯类在内的多种抗生素耐药,2株仅对碳青霉烯类等少数抗生素敏感,3株对大多数抗生素敏感。14株有高度同源性,3、14号株同源,12、19号株同源。结论分离自ICU的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率高。大多数菌株有高度同源性,1号株可能是交叉感染的源头。     

鲍曼不动杆菌SHV型β-内酰胺酶耐药基因分子流行病学研究

目的 分析自临床分离的产SHV型β-内酰胺酶(β-lactamases,BLA)多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的SHV型BLA耐药基因序列并确定其所产BLA耐药基因亚型。方法 在2000年7月至2002年12月间从临床分离60株鲍曼不动杆菌,经药敏试验、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(FSBLs)表型确证试验和SHV型BLA耐药基因的聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测,筛选出2株具有多重耐药特性、SHV基因型均阳性的分离株(HZ02、HZ10株),对耐药基因进行序列分析。结果 在2001年6月至2002年1月间分离到的18株(30.0％)鲍曼不动杆菌质粒上携带SNV型BLA耐药基因;NZ02株和NZ10株的SHVPCR扩增阳性,其基因片段分别含825个和833个核苷酸,与Nuesch-lnderbinen等首先发现的SHV-12亚型ESBLs编码基因序列(GenBank注册号:X98105)完全相同。结论 30.0％鲍曼不动杆菌质粒上携带SHV型(超广谱)β-内酰胺酶耐药基因并引起一次医院感染爆发。同时证实在我国浙江省湖州地区临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌中存在产SHV-12亚型ESBL_s耐药基因菌株。     

鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性和氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶基因研究

目的了解我国浙江湖州地区鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)耐药性和氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶基因存在状况. 方法收集2000年7月～2002年12月分离自浙江湖州地区住院患者60株鲍氏不动杆菌进行耐药性和9种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、2种β-内酰胺酶基因检测. 结果该60株菌已呈多重耐药;49株检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(81.7%);9种基因由高到低的检出率分别为:ant(3″)-Ⅰ(60.0%)、aac(6′)-Ⅰ(55.0%)、aac(3)-Ⅰ(51.7%)、ant(2″)-Ⅰ(20.0%)、aac(3)-Ⅳ(15.0%)、aac(3)-Ⅱ(11.7%)、aac(6′)-Ⅱ(10.0%)、aph(3′)-Ⅵ(3.3%)、aac(3)-Ⅲ(0);本研究ant(3″)-Ⅰ(AY551438)、aac(6′)-Ⅰ(AY536063)、aac(3)-Ⅰ(AY529103) 序列已登录GenBank;β内酰胺酶基因检出率分别为:TEM 100%、SHV 30.0%;本研究TEM-1(AY263331)、TEM-128(AY359287)、SHV-12(AY259163)、SHV-48(AY259164)、SHV-56(AY352599)序列已登录GenBank. 结论我国浙江湖州地区ABA菌已呈多重耐药;氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、β内酰胺酶基因携带率较高.     

鲍氏不动杆菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎54例分析

目的探讨鲍氏不动杆菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床特点,为预防其发生及其临床治疗提供依据. 方法对2000年7月～2003年12月入院,机械通气48 h后出现肺部感染的患者采用封闭式一次性吸痰进行痰培养;在检到鲍氏不动杆菌后采用生物梅里埃微生物分析系统(Bio-Merieux VITEK32)进行鉴定,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)1999年的判断标准,用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验. 结果本组鲍氏不动杆菌所致VAP发生的平均时间为(100.1±56.9) h,发热、痰多明显,胸水多见,肺部X线表现呈多样性;125株鲍氏不动杆菌(100%)为多重耐药,仅加酶抑制剂的抗菌药物、第四代头孢菌素和亚胺培南/西司他丁对鲍氏不动杆菌有较高的敏感性,其中以亚胺培南/西司他丁耐药率最低(4.8%);对33株鲍氏不动杆菌进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测,其中57.6%ESBLs( );混合感染40.1%,混合感染较单纯感染所致的VAP病死率更高(P<0.01);尽早拔除气管导管可以使大部分患者的感染得到控制. 结论鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性突出,耐药严重与该菌产酶有关;鲍氏不动杆菌所致的VAP混合感染多见,病死率高应引起重视;感染后尽早拔除气管导管、合理使用抗生素,可以提高治愈率.     

Outcomes of adjunctive therapy with intrathecal or intraventricular administration of colistin for post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii

The efficacy and safety of intrathecal (ITH) or intraventricular (IVT) colistin in addition to intravenous (IV) colistin for meningitis and ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is unclear. In this retrospective observational study of 40 patients with post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to CRAB, 33 patients without concomitant infection received appropriate dosage regimens of IV colistin. Of the 33 patients, 17 received additional ITH/IVT colistin and 16 received only IV colistin. The 14-day, 30-day and in-hospital mortality rates were nominally lower for patients who received ITH/IVT colistin adjunctive therapy versus patients who received only IV colistin (24% vs. 38%, 29% vs. 56% and 29% vs. 56%, respectively). The costs of treatment were significantly lower, the lengths of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay were significantly shorter, and the number of ventilator days was significantly less among patients who received ITH/IVT colistin compared with patients who did not receive ITH/IVT colistin. The initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were associated with 30-day mortality with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.21 (1.08–1.46) and 0.77 (0.44–0.85), respectively. Chemical meningitis from ITH/IVT colistin was mild and resolved spontaneously. Treatment of post-neurosurgical CRAB meningitis and ventriculitis with ITH/IVT colistin as an adjunct to IV colistin was associated with shorter lengths of hospital and ICU stay and a trend to lower mortality, especially among severely ill patients.     

Use of adjuvants in the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii

The current antibiotic crisis to treat infections by Acinetobacter baumannii is linked with the increase of antimicrobial resistance and the lack of development of new antimicrobial drugs. For this reason, new alternatives for the treatment and control of infections by A. baumannii are necessary. Several studies have reported the effect of adjuvants to restore the efficacy of existing antimicrobial agents. Herein, we analyzed the main results on the development of adjuvant drugs, as monotherapy or in combination therapy with existing antimicrobial agents, which have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo. However, caution is needed and further extensive in vivo studies have to be performed to confirm the potential use of these adjuvants as true therapeutic alternatives.     

乳山市两所医院鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及流行性分析

目的分析乳山市两所医院鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及流行特点。方法收集乳山市人民医院、乳山市中医院2015年1-12月临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌,进行药敏试验,选取50株鲍曼不动杆菌采用脉冲场凝胶电泳分析菌株同源性。结果共收集鲍曼不动杆菌158株,其中乳山市人民医院108株,乳山市中医院50株。标本来源以痰液(59.9%)为主,分布科室以呼吸科(39.8%)和ICU(25.3%)为主。药敏结果显示,所检测菌株对氨曲南、氨苄西林、头孢西丁100.0%耐药,对多黏菌素B、替加环素均敏感。50株鲍曼不动杆菌可分为A~E共5种型别,其中A型又分为A1、A2、A3等3个亚型,为主要流行型别。结论乳山市两所医院鲍曼不动杆菌耐药问题较严峻,主要存在于呼吸科、ICU等科室,以引起呼吸道感染为主,在两所医院不同科室间存在播散流行。     

鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素类抗菌药物耐药现状及机制研究进展

多黏菌素类抗菌药物是多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的最后防线，但随着临床对多黏菌素类药物使用增多，鲍曼不动杆菌对其耐药的报道也陆续出现，相关耐药机制的研究成为热点。本文对近年来国内外鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素类耐药报道以及耐药机制研究进行综述，以期对临床合理应用多黏菌素类抗菌药物、保持其抗菌活性提供参考。     

鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性快速检测方法的建立与评估

目的评估对实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)快速检测鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性方法的效果。方法设计鲍曼不动杆菌(ATCC 19606)外膜蛋白A特异性探针,采用实时荧光定量PCR准确测定63株鲍曼不动杆菌经一定浓度庆大霉素、米诺环素、美罗培南、左氧氟沙星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦孵育后的生长情况,比较抗菌药物孵育0和6h后鲍曼不动杆菌基因组DNA量,判断鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性,并与微量肉汤稀释法结果进行对比。结果建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性方法与微量肉汤稀释法一致性高,Kappa值为0.879,P0.05。以微量肉汤稀释法为参考方法,实时荧光定量PCR的符合率达93.97%,灵敏度为92.53%,特异性为95.74%,阳性预测值为96.41%,阴性预测值为91.22%,Youden指数为0.88。结论实时荧光定量PCR与微量肉汤稀释法结果有高度一致性,且前者灵敏度高、特异性强、检测速度快,可用于快速检测鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性。