Cytological features of dedifferentiated adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a distinct type of carcinoma, and cytological examination has been recognized as a useful tool in its diagnosis. Dedifferentiation is defined as the abrupt transformation of a low‐grade tumor into a tumor with high‐grade components. Albeit extremely rare, dedifferentiated AdCC has been reported: however, the cytological features of this tumor have not been documented. We observed a case in which a 66‐year‐old Japanese male had stenosis and thickness of the lower tracheal and bronchial walls. Cytological smears of a bronchial brush specimen revealed features typical for low‐grade AdCC. However, a few cohesive epithelial cell clusters composed of large, atypical polygonal cells with large nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli also were present. This component was considered to represent dedifferentiated carcinoma. Histopathological study of the resected bronchial tumor revealed dedifferentiated AdCC. The cytological diagnosis of conventional low‐grade AdCC is straightforward in most cases, although extremely rare, dedifferentiated carcinoma can occur within the conventional AdCC, and detection of a dedifferentiated component is possible in a cytological specimen because of obvious nuclear atypia. Therefore, careful observation is needed because cytologic diagnosis of dedifferentiated AdCC can help expedite treatment of this highly aggressive tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:880–883. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

七氟醚麻醉在小儿气道异物取出术中的应用

[目的]探讨七氟醚麻醉在小儿气道异物取出术中的应用效果.[方法]随机选取患儿34例,男18例,女16例,年龄1～3岁,体重9～15kg,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,病程8～48 h,分为七氟醚组（S组）和氯胺酮组（K组）,每组17例.S组吸入8%七氟醚诱导,持续吸入4%～6%七氟醚维持;K组静注氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg诱导,麻醉深度不够时单次静脉追加氯胺酮1 mg/kg.监测患入室时、置镜前、置镜后、术中、退镜后、苏醒时各时间点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（RR）等指标,观察患儿诱导期、维持期、苏醒期不良反应.[结果]K组患儿置镜前、后MAP、HR 、RR较S组高.K组麻醉诱导时间较S组短,但苏醒时间较S组长（P〈0.05）.两组均未发生呼吸抑制.术中S组有4例呛咳、3例屏气,K组有3例呛咳、5例屏气,苏醒期S组有3例舌后坠、1例喉水肿;K组有5例舌后坠、3例喉水肿、2例恶心呕吐;两组不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.[结论]七氟醚麻醉可安全有效的应用于小儿气道异物取出术.     

Anaesthesia for surgery of the trachea and main bronchi

Major surgery on the trachea and airway is an anaesthetic challenge, which necessitates the simultaneous control of the airway, maintenance of gas exchange and good surgical exposure. Advance planning, good communication and teamwork among surgeon, anaesthetist and theatre staff are never more important. A major indication for laryngeal and tracheal surgery is laryngotracheal stenosis, a rare condition, which can cause significant morbidity and life-threatening airway obstruction. In the era of modern medicine, post-intubation injury has superseded infection and external trauma as the commonest aetiology. Definitive surgery is usually carried out in tertiary specialist centres, where segmental resection of the trachea with primary end-to-end anastomotic reconstruction is usually the technique of choice. Provision of anaesthesia for bronchial sleeve resection and removal of inhaled foreign bodies faces similar challenges.     

异丙酚靶控输注联合气管表面麻醉在婴幼儿气管支气管异物取出术中的应用

目的:探讨异丙酚靶控输注联合咽喉、气管内表面麻醉应用于小儿气管支气管异物取出术的疗效,并与氯胺酮复合γ-羟基丁酸钠麻醉效果比较.方法:40例婴幼儿气管、支气管异物患儿,年龄8～36 个月,体重7.5～18 kg,随机分为A组和B组.A组为异丙酚效应室靶控输注联合1%丁卡因咽喉、气管表面麻醉,B组为氯胺酮复合γ-羟基丁酸钠麻醉,观察麻醉效果、并发症和苏醒时间.结果:两组患儿均麻醉成功,全部一次顺利插入硬式支气管镜.B组患儿术中最低SpO2低于A组;支气管镜置入后发生较严重屏气、呛咳需处理的病例A组为1例,B组为5例.B组术毕全部病例发生下颌松弛和舌后坠,显著多于A组(1例)(P＜0.01).术毕发生喉鸣、托下颌仍吸气困难B组12例,显著多于A组(0例).B组患儿术毕在手术室滞留时间、苏醒时间长于A组(P＜0.01).结论:异丙酚靶控输注联合气管表面麻醉是一种可控性强、安全、实用的婴幼儿气管支气管异物取出术的麻醉方法.     

环甲膜切开选择性代替气管切开251例临床分析

目的:环甲膜切开选择性代替气管切开的可行性。方法:251例需行气管切开用环甲膜切开代替。结果:术后随访2年,无声音嘶哑,无气管狭窄,无特殊不适。结论:环甲膜切开速度快,出血少,定位准确,可长期戴管,在有适应证的情况可在临床推广。     

Laryngo-tracheal anastomosis: post-operative evaluation by helical CT and computerized reformations

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the role of post-operative helical computed tomography (CT) and computerized reformations in patients after laryngo-tracheal segmental resection with anastomosis. METHODS: Helical CT and computerized reformations were obtained in 11 consecutive patients who underwent laryngo-tracheal resection with anastomosis for obstruction or stenosis caused by longstanding intubation or tracheostomy. Post-operative computer assisted cross-sectional area, coronal and sagittal diameter measurements at the level of maximal narrowing of the trachea were compared with clinical assessment in all patients. The additive value of various coronal and sagittal computerized reformations over axial images was subjectively evaluated by a consensus of a thoracic radiologist and a neuroradiologist who were blinded to clinical information. RESULTS: Various degrees of restriction in daily activities were reported by patients with cross-sectional area narrowing of more than 50%, by 4/6 patients with cross-sectional area of less than 90mm(2), by 4/5 and 4/6 patients with coronal or sagittal narrowing of more than 25% respectively, and by 4/5 patients with sagittal diameter of less than 12mm. All five patients with cross-sectional area stenosis of less than 50% assessed themselves as 'asymptomatic'. Sagittal multi-planar and volume rendering reformations clarified or added additional information over axial images in all six patients with significant cross-sectional area stenosis (>50%). Volume rendering scores were significantly higher than minimal intensity projection reformations (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results suggest that CT-based cross-sectional area and diameter measurements of the trachea represent a clinically helpful tool for post-operative evaluation of patients with tracheoplasty. The need for post-operative endoscopy may be obviated in some cases.     

等效剂量曲马多和芬太尼术后镇痛对全麻患者拔管期循环和呼吸的影响

目的比较等效剂量曲马多和芬太尼持续静脉镇痛对全麻患者气管拔管循环和呼吸的影响。方法60例ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级全麻手术病人随机分为T组和F组,分别于手术结束前30min给予曲马多或芬太尼静脉镇痛,观察拔管后1、5和10min时的SBP、HR、SpO2和PEtCO2。结果拔管时间F组长于T组,两组同期比较拔管后F组HR明显低于T组(P<0.01),SpO2较T组低,而PEtCO2较T组高(P<0.05)。结论曲马多用于全麻术后静脉镇痛几乎不影响患者的清醒及恢复,对患者拔管期间循环和呼吸的影响小于芬太尼。     

气管腺样囊性癌5例报告及国内131例文献分析

目的 提高对气管腺样囊性癌（TACC）的认识。方法 回顾性分析长海医院1995年-2003年收治的TACC5例及检索国内期刊发表的23篇共131例患者临床资料。结果 该病临床上以咳嗽、喘鸣和进行型吸气性呼吸困难为主要表现形式；易与支气管哮喘、慢性支气管炎等混淆。122例行手术治疗，气管支架置入6例，纤支镜下介入治疗3例，局部放疗47例。死亡20例。结论 TACC临床症状不典型，术前误诊率高，尽早积极手术切除加放疗为最佳治疗方法。内镜下介入治疗是较好的姑息治疗手段，可明显改善患者生活质量。     

"肺肾相关"的物质基础

目的 :通过观察雄激素受体 (AR)在健康雄性大鼠气管和肺中的表达 ,探讨中医学“肺肾相关”的物质基础。方法 :选用成年健康雄性大鼠 ,气管和肺冰冻切片 ,采用免疫组织化学LAB SA法染色 ,光镜下观察AR的表达。结果 :在雄性健康大鼠的气管、支气管的假复层柱状纤毛上皮、软骨细胞均有AR的阳性表达 ,AR特异性免疫组化染色多见于胞浆 ,也见于胞核。结论 :肾可通过雄性激素及其受体对肺进行调节 ,雄激素及其受体可能是“肺肾相关”的物质基础。