气管镜诊断气管-支气管肺低度恶性肌上皮瘤2例并文献复习

目的:探讨气管镜诊断气管-支气管肺肌上皮瘤的要点及肌上皮瘤的治疗方案。方法:回顾性分析本院2例及国内外报道的气管-支气管肺肌上皮瘤病例资料和随访记录。结果:气管-支气管肺肌上皮瘤多表现为咳嗽、气促、咯血;确诊及治疗需依靠手术。结论:气管-支气管肺低度恶性肌上皮瘤是一种非常罕见的肿瘤,气管镜标本量少,需要仔细观察标本组织形态并结合免疫组化明确诊断。     

Developmental anatomy of the airway

The airway develops from the primitive foregut at 4 weeks’ gestation. Congenital anomalies may result when this process is abnormal. The anatomy of the airway at birth is uniquely different from older children and adults, with a large tongue, long floppy epiglottis, large occiput and cephalad larynx. These features affect the technique required for facemask ventilation, supraglottic airway use and endotracheal intubation. A neutral head position and straight-bladed laryngoscope are usually used for intubation. Neonates are also obligate nasal breathers and simultaneously suckle and breath. Minute volume is rate dependent and the highly compliant chest easily displays sternal and intercostal recession during respiratory distress, and early onset of fatigue. From the neonatal period onwards the anatomy gradually begins to resemble that of adults. The cricoid descends caudally, the epiglottis becomes firmer and shorter, and the relatively large occiput recedes. The conventional wisdom of the cricoid ring being the narrowest part of the paediatric airway is not supported by contemporary investigation. The consequence of these findings on endotracheal tube selection and the rationale for increasing use of cuffed endotracheal tubes in children is discussed.     

Anaesthesia for surgery of the trachea and main bronchi

Major surgery on the trachea and airway is an anaesthetic challenge, which necessitates the simultaneous control of the airway, maintenance of gas exchange and good surgical exposure. Advance planning, good communication and teamwork among surgeon, anaesthetist and theatre staff are never more important. A major indication for laryngeal and tracheal surgery is laryngotracheal stenosis, a rare condition, which can cause significant morbidity and life-threatening airway obstruction. In the era of modern medicine, post-intubation injury has superseded infection and external trauma as the commonest aetiology. Definitive surgery is usually carried out in tertiary specialist centres, where segmental resection of the trachea with primary end-to-end anastomotic reconstruction is usually the technique of choice. Provision of anaesthesia for bronchial sleeve resection and removal of inhaled foreign bodies faces similar challenges.     

术前气管推移训练联合雾化吸入对颈椎前路手术患者咽部症状的影响

目的：观察术前气管推移训练联合氧气雾化吸入对减轻颈椎前路手术患者术后咽部不适的疗效。方法2009年7月至2012年3月选择颈椎前路手术患者70例,试验组34例,对照组36例。两组均按常规治疗、护理,试验组行气管推移训练,在术前3 d给予氧气雾化吸入,对照组仅行气管推移训练。比较两组患者术后咽部相关症状及评分。结果试验组术后咽部不适症状明显轻于对照组（ Z=-5.732,P〈0.001）。结论颈椎前路手术术前预防性使用氧气雾化吸入联合气管推移训练能有效减轻患者术后的咽部不适。     

Cytological features of dedifferentiated adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a distinct type of carcinoma, and cytological examination has been recognized as a useful tool in its diagnosis. Dedifferentiation is defined as the abrupt transformation of a low‐grade tumor into a tumor with high‐grade components. Albeit extremely rare, dedifferentiated AdCC has been reported: however, the cytological features of this tumor have not been documented. We observed a case in which a 66‐year‐old Japanese male had stenosis and thickness of the lower tracheal and bronchial walls. Cytological smears of a bronchial brush specimen revealed features typical for low‐grade AdCC. However, a few cohesive epithelial cell clusters composed of large, atypical polygonal cells with large nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli also were present. This component was considered to represent dedifferentiated carcinoma. Histopathological study of the resected bronchial tumor revealed dedifferentiated AdCC. The cytological diagnosis of conventional low‐grade AdCC is straightforward in most cases, although extremely rare, dedifferentiated carcinoma can occur within the conventional AdCC, and detection of a dedifferentiated component is possible in a cytological specimen because of obvious nuclear atypia. Therefore, careful observation is needed because cytologic diagnosis of dedifferentiated AdCC can help expedite treatment of this highly aggressive tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:880–883. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

64排螺旋CT气管三维重组在小儿气管异物中的应用价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT气管三维重组在小儿气管异物中的应用价值。方法患儿行多层螺旋CT检查并进行三维重组及仿真内窥镜技术显示气管支气管病变;三维重组技术包括多平面重建、最大密度投影、最小密度投影、表面遮盖显示和容积再现,CT仿真内窥镜对气管支气管异物的显示与支气管镜所见具有一致性。16例临床怀疑气管异物的患儿．记录每位患儿的平均有效剂量;将容积数据进行多平面重组、最小密度投影和仿真支气管镜成像。结果多层螺旋CT三维重建及仿真内窥镜可准确、直观地显示气管支气管异物的位置、大小、形态、密度及阻塞程度。16例气管异物患儿,右侧支气管异物12例,左侧支气管异物2例,大气管异物1例,双侧气管异物1例。合并肺炎5例,肺不张7例,肺气肿5例。结论多层螺旋CT三维重组及仿真内窥镜可准确评价气管支气管异物,是一种准确无创性诊断方法,为临床治疗提供直观的影像学资料,具有较高的临床诊断及指导价值。     

肺组织瓣内衬金属支架在气管重建中的临床应用

目的 探讨自体肺组织瓣内衬金属支架在胸段气管重建中的临床应用.方法 对5例胸段气管、主支气管病变的患者应用肺组织瓣内衬金属支架修补,完成气管重建.其中,气管中上段肿瘤1例,右主支气管瘢痕狭窄闭锁1例,气管下段混合瘤恶变1例,左主支气管类癌2例.结果 5例患者呼吸困难均明显缓解,重建气管无明显狭窄及肉芽组织形成.1例大咯血死亡,其余4例随访疗效稳定.结论 肺组织瓣内衬金属支架重建治疗胸内气管广泛缺损,可在临床有选择地应用.     

纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗COPD重度呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的：观察纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗COPD重度呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法：COPD重度呼吸衰竭患者分别采用纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管和经口气管插管建立人工气道,机械通气。结果：纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管治疗36例,成功30例;经口气管插管16例,成功11例。结论：纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管治疗COPD重度呼吸衰竭抢救成功率高,并发症轻,临床应用价值高。     

逆行气管插管与经鼻纤维支气管镜引导气管插管的临床比较

目的评估逆行气管插管与经鼻纤维支气管镜引导气管插管在气管插管困难的临床应用价值。方法 44例气管插管困难患者,包括用普通喉镜插管2~3次失败患者26例,术前评估为气管插管困难直接采用逆行气管插管或经鼻纤维支气管镜引导气管插管患者18例。选择23例患者行逆行气管插管,21例患者行经鼻纤维支气镜引导气管插管。结果逆行气管插管成功率100%,经鼻纤维支气管引导气管插管成功率95%,两组插管成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.12,P>0.05);逆行气管插管组平均用时(3.98±0.73)分,纤维支气管镜平均用时(5.19±0.82)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=-5.079,P=0.00);而两组出血率比较差异无统计学意义(2χ=2.39,P=0.71)。结论逆行气管插管取材更为方便,技术易于掌握,在控制插管时间上有一定优势。