Management of and indications for tracheostomy in care of the critically ill patient

Tracheostomy is a procedure that has evolved over many hundreds of years. In the 21st century, the majority of tracheostomies are now inserted by intensivists in the intensive care unit (ICU). Commonly performed to assist in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation, the procedure is performed using a percutaneous dilatational technique. Percutaneous tracheostomy can generally be performed safely in the ICU, although a number of contra-indications and complications do exist. Recent publications have highlighted weaknesses in the quality of care both in the immediate and longer term. Consequently, a number of organizations, based in the UK and internationally, have turned the focus in recent years to improving the quality of care delivered to these patients. Clinicians caring for patients with tracheostomies should not only be familiar with the indications, anatomy and insertion techniques, but also current guidance on routine care and the emergency management of complications.     

甲状腺癌侵犯喉和气管的外科处理

目的探讨甲状腺癌侵犯喉部和气管时的手术治疗。方法对8例甲状腺乳头状癌和滤泡状癌不同程度侵犯喉部和气管的惠者进行甲状腺切除、颈淋巴结清扫术、术中部分切除气管并用带蒂肌瓣一期修复，侵犯范围大的进行全喉切除。结果8例甲状腺癌均可全部切除，4例康复后发音和呼吸正常，3例呼吸正常但有不同程度的声嘶，1例同时喉全切除后用电子人工喉发音。8例术后均服用甲状腺素片，随访1～2年，没有复发。结论对甲状腺乳头状癌和滤泡状癌累及喉部和气管，手术范围可适当扩大，对于不超过气管直径1／3的气管缺损，可进行带蒂肌瓣一期修复，不会引起气管狭窄，喉部有较大的侵犯，可同时喉全切除术，甲状旁腺的再植可以存活，以提高患者的生活质量。     

Pilot study of a novel vacuum‐assisted method for decellularization of tracheae for clinical tissue engineering applications

Tissue engineered tracheae have been successfully implanted to treat a small number of patients on compassionate grounds. The treatment has not become mainstream due to the time taken to produce the scaffold and the resultant financial costs. We have developed a method for decellularization (DC) based on vacuum technology, which when combined with an enzyme/detergent protocol significantly reduces the time required to create clinically suitable scaffolds. We have applied this technology to prepare porcine tracheal scaffolds and compared the results to scaffolds produced under normal atmospheric pressures. The principal outcome measures were the reduction in time (9 days to prepare the scaffold) followed by a reduction in residual DNA levels (DC no‐vac: 137.8±48.82 ng/mg vs. DC vac 36.83±18.45 ng/mg, p<0.05.). Our approach did not impact on the collagen or glycosaminoglycan content or on the biomechanical properties of the scaffolds. We applied the vacuum technology to human tracheae, which, when implanted in vivo showed no significant adverse immunological response. The addition of a vacuum to a conventional decellularization protocol significantly reduces production time, whilst providing a suitable scaffold. This increases clinical utility and lowers production costs. To our knowledge this is the first time that vacuum assisted decellularization has been explored. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fetal Aortic Arch Anomalies

Aortic arch anomalies are present in 1% to 2% of the general population and are commonly associated with congenital heart disease, chromosomal defects, and tracheaesophageal compression in postnatal life. The sonographically based detection of aortic arch anomalies lies in the 3‐vessel and trachea view. Although highly sensitive, this view alone does not allow identification of the aortic arch branching pattern, which prevents an accurate diagnosis. The systematic addition of a subclavian artery view as part of a standardized procedure may be useful in the differential diagnosis of these conditions. We describe the sonographic assessment of fetal aortic arch anomalies by combining 2 fetal transverse views: the 3‐vessel and trachea view and the subclavian artery view, which are included in the cardiovascular system sonographic evaluation protocol. We also review the sonographic findings and the clinical implications of fetal aortic arch anomalies.     

小儿气管支气管异物的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT扫描及图像后处理技术在小儿气管、支气管异物的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经临床支气管镜检术确诊为气管、支气管异物的12例患儿的多层螺旋CT轴位扫描及多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）和容积重建（VRT）的图像.结果 多层螺旋CT诊断准确率达100%.结论 多层螺旋CT检查可作为小儿气管、支气管异物诊断最准确、最简易又安全的首选方法.     

休克时犬气管、舌和尾部脉搏氧饱和度的比较

目的比较休克对犬气管、舌和尾部脉搏氧饱和度的影响。方法犬麻醉后纯氧通气,将SpO2探头分别置于气管内、舌和犬尾部,连接于同一监护仪上。经股动脉快速放血,降低MAP至40mmHg,建立犬的休克模型。以录像方式记录StraO2,StonO2,StaiO2及ECG,BP。同时连续监测ScaO2作为对照。计算低血压时,气管、舌和犬尾部SpO2的监测失败率。结果放血前,气管、舌和犬尾部的SpO2信号好、读数准确。休克时,ScaO2无变化,为（96.8±0.8）%;气管、舌和犬尾部SpO2的监测失败率分别为19.70%、18.02%、35.35%（P〈0.05）。结论犬失血性休克模型中,中心位点的气管和舌SpO2监测好于外周。     

烧伤科成人院内获得性肺炎危险因素的研究

目的了解烧伤科成人院内获得性肺炎的危险因素,为临床治疗提供参考资料。方法对2001年1月～2010年12月于本院烧伤科患者中诊断为院内获得性肺炎者运用统计学方法进行回顾性分析。结果老年患者比年轻患者院内获得性肺炎感染率高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=28.3,P<0.05);重度及特重烧伤患者较轻中度烧伤患者院内获得性肺炎感染率高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=123.1,P<0.05);有吸入性损伤者较无吸入性损伤者院内获得性肺炎感染率高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=116.6,P<0.05);气管切开及机械通气者较未行气管切开者院内获得性肺炎感染率高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.2,P<0.05);女性较男性院内获得性肺炎感染率低,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.43,P>0.05)。痰培养显示,院内获得性肺炎主要有2种或2种以上细菌混合感染引起,革兰阴性杆菌是主要的致病菌。创面细菌迁移和胃肠-肺感染途径是院内获得性肺炎的重要感染途径。结论烧伤科感染院内获得性肺炎危险因素有年龄、烧伤程度、吸入性损伤、气管切开,与性别无关。对胃肠道反流和创面处理上需要引起足够的重视,并尽量避免交叉感染。     

1.44μm脉冲激光对犬气管壁组织的作用研究

目的探讨医用1.44μm波长脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬气管壁作用的量效关系及其临床意义。方法采用脉宽640μs,频率5Hz、最大单脉冲能量1J的1.44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光,按单脉冲能量0（对照）、0.2、0.5和0.8J,每次照射脉冲数1、5、10、20、40、80进行分组,每组5只比格犬,对犬气管黏膜进行活体照射。取照射处气管壁常规制作组织切片,HE染色,显微镜下观察,计算机成像与测量,获取汽化区宽度、深度、凝固带宽度与深度等数据,绘制量效关系曲线,分析作用机制。结果试验可观测到各种组织效应表现,最大汽化区宽度（2508.6±118.0）μm、最大凝固带宽度（1743.3±125.6）μm、最大汽化区深度（2274.8±146.8）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0.8J、80个脉冲/次剂量组;最大凝固带深度（895.8±51.7）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0.5J、80个脉冲数/次剂量组。结论1.44μm脉冲激光对犬气管壁作用的组织效应程度与单脉冲能量和每次照射脉冲数呈正相关趋势。该激光作为手术刀应用有较强汽化能力,其凝固层厚度足以保证术中止血,创面清洁,能满足气管手术的需要。