Percutaneous coronary angioscopy: methods, findings, and therapeutic implications

The development and clinical implementation of percutaneous coronary angioscopy represents an engineering triumph, blending the newest technologies and materials in the field of fiberoptics with the most advanced techniques of balloon angioplasty catheter materials and construction. Current devices provide a safe method for acquiring excellent quality images of the coronary arteries. This is due to major advances in catheter alignment techniques allowing coaxial positioning of the angioscope in the relatively tortuous coronary arteries. Additional development is needed to further refine the degree of operator control over the field of view, which would also reduce procedure duration. The percutaneous coronary angioscope is currently a functional device for investigators attempting to correlate the morphology of atherosclerotic lesions and clinical coronary artery disease. Confirmation of the value of the angioscope as a clinically useful device for routine application in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease will depend upon the results of further studies.     

Mechanism of Ethanol-Enhanced Estradiol Permeation Across Human Skin in Vivo

The influence of ethanol on the permeation of 17-estradiol (estradiol) across viable human skin in vivo was investigated with the human skin sandwich flap model. Maintaining continuous delivery of a constant concentration of the solute in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS), or mixtures of ethanol in PBS to the skin surface revealed that steady-state flux of estradiol was achieved within 30–60 min and maintained throughout 4 hr. The 10-fold decrease in in vivo flux and permeability coefficient (K _p) of tracer estradiol solutions in ethanol or ethanol solutions compared with PBS vehicle reflected the 10-fold difference in the apparent partition coefficients (K _m) of estradiol from the respective vehicles into isolated human stratum corneum. Neither the stratum corneum thickness nor the diffusion coefficient of estradiol was significantly different among the vehicles tested. In vivo flux of estradiol in ethanol or ethanol solutions across viable human skin was increased with saturated solutions of estradiol. Further, in vivo flux of estradiol from vehicles such as PBS, ethanol, and ethanol mixtures, which minimally alter the rate-limiting barrier, can be successfully predicted with knowledge of only two physicochemical parameters, the estradiol concentration in the vehicle and the K _m of estradiol from the vehicle into isolated human stratum corneum.     

Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the treatment of congenital valvu lar aortic stenosis in children

Objective To assess the effect of the balloon valvuloplasty for congenital valvular aortic stenosis (AS) in children.Methods A total of 27 (mean age 6.09 years) children with AS accepted the treatment of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PBAV).The ratios of balloon/valve were 0.95±0.08 for 19 cases of typical AS and 1.00±0.11 for 8 cases of hyp oplastic AS.The patients were evaluated by the gradients across aotic valves i n pre- and post-PBAV and by echocardiogram during the follow-up period.Results Fifteen of 19 （78.9%）cases of typical AS had a better outcome and the gradien t of the remaining 4 cases (26.7%) had increased after follow-up (ΔP>50 mm Hg).Four of 8 (50.0%) cases of hypoplastic AS had satisfactory responses and the gradient of the remaining 3 cases (75.0%) rose.There was no moderate to s evere aortic insufficiency (AI). Conclusion The balloon aortic valvuloplasty provides safe and significant hemodynamic and c linical improvement in pediatric patients.The outcome of PBAV for typical AS is better than for hypoplastic AS.     

PTCA及血管内支架术中冠脉循环血小板功能的变化

目的 探讨经皮腔内冠脉成形术（PTCA）及冠脉内支架术对冠脉循环中血小板功能的影响。方法 29例冠心病患者分成冠脉造影组（8例）和PTCA加支架组（21例）,分别于术前及术后即刻采集冠状静脉窦血,采用比浊法测定血小板最大聚集率（MPAR）,放免法测定血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白（GMP－140）及血栓素B2（TXB2）的浓度。并对PTCA及支架术中不同时间点血小板功能指标的变化情况进行了观察。结果 冠脉造影前后血小板功能指标无显著变化;PTCA及支架组在球囊预扩张即刻各血小板功能指标均轻度增高;支架后即刻显著升高（P＜0．05）,支架后10min有下降趋势。结论 冠脉造影对冠脉循环血小板功能无显著影响;PTCA及支架术中能使血小板功能激活。     

CT导引下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床应用

目的：探讨ＣＴ导引下经皮肺穿刺活检的技术、适应证的选择及临床应用价值。方法：通过对１０８例肺部病变病人进行ＣＴ扫描确定穿刺平面及穿刺路径（即定位）,局麻后进针,操作过程中ＣＴ监视穿刺针的走向,达预定位置后取材送病理检查。结果：１０８例病人穿刺活检后９９例确定病理诊断,９例未风瘤细胞,未能作细胞学分类,阳性诊断率９２％,并发症少且轻。结论：ＣＴ导引下经皮肺穿定位准确,安全可靠,操作简便,阳性诊断率高     

经皮肾镜去石术后出血的介入治疗

目的: 研究超选择性肾动脉栓塞在治疗经皮肾镜术后出血中的效果及失败原因。方法: 对65例伴有血液动力学改变的经皮肾镜术后出血患者行肾动脉造影,用微导管行超选择性插管,用微弹簧圈栓塞损伤动脉。若首次肾动脉造影无阳性发现,则采用以下措施以防止遗漏病灶:(1)腹主动脉造影;(2)重复肾动脉造影;(3)造瘘管走行区域肾动脉分支超选择造影;(4)保留穿刺通道,拔除肾造瘘管后造影。对肾动脉出血的造影表现进行总结,并对栓塞止血失败的原因进行分析。结果: 65例患者中,造影有阳性发现的60例(62个肾脏), 均经超选择性栓塞成功止血。肾动脉造影的阳性表现包括:假性动脉瘤形成、斑片状造影剂外溢、假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘、造影剂进入集合系统、造影剂弥散至肾被膜下。一次栓塞成功53例(55个肾脏), 成功率88.71%,两次栓塞成功率96.77%。首次栓塞失败的原因主要是遗漏病灶(4例,57.10%)和栓塞的受损血管再通(2例,28.57%)。5例患者肾动脉造影无阳性发现,经保守治疗血尿停止。所有患者介入治疗后3、6、12个月随访,均未再次出现血尿,且未发生持续、严重的肾功能损害。结论: 超选择肾动脉栓塞是治疗经皮肾镜术后出血的有效方法,肾动脉造影遗漏病灶是造成止血失败的主要原因。     

化学髓核溶解术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨化学髓核溶解术的一种新的穿刺方法,用于治疗破裂型腰椎间盘突出症。方法 采用经背后入路直接穿刺椎间盘脱出部位,用600单位的胶原酶溶解脱出的椎间盘组织治疗破裂脱出型腰椎间盘突出症。本组治疗43例临床确诊为破裂脱出型腰椎间盘突出症,并随访半年至2年。结果 采用本穿刺方法治疗43例腰椎间盘脱出患者,治愈27例,治愈率为63%,有效11例,有效率为88%,无椎间盘变窄和退行性变等并发症出现。结论 经背后入路直接穿刺脱出的椎间盘组织行胶原酶溶解术是一种操作简单、安全、有效的新方法,可减少并发症的发生。     

缺血后处理改善前壁急性心肌梗死患者再灌注心肌长轴的收缩功能

目的：探讨缺血后处理(ischemic postconditioning,IPTC)是否能改善左心室受损的局部或整体长轴的收缩功 能。方法：试验分为PCI组、PCI+IPTC组及对照组。PCI组为前壁急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者32例,行首次急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI) 术;PCI+IPTC组为前壁急性STEMI患者28例,行急诊PCI联合IPTC术;对照组为30例,行冠状动脉造影术。采集术 前,术后0.5 h,1 d,3 d,1周,1个月和6个月二维动态超声心动图。对比研究PCI组、PCI+IPTC组与对照组各时间点 局部与整体长轴应变参数。结果：PCI+IPTC组PCI术后1周内左心室梗死节段长轴应变高于PCI组(P<0.05),左心室整 体长轴应变较PCI组有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PCI+IPTC组术后远期左心室局部及整体长轴应变与 PCI组比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论：IPTC可改善前壁急性STEMI患者PCI术后早期左心室再灌注心肌 的长轴收缩功能。     

缠绕型和管型冠状动脉内支架在冠心病治疗中的应用

目的　探讨应用缠绕型和管型冠状动脉内支架治疗冠心病的效果。方法　对 2 3例冠心病患者根据不同情况植入冠状动脉内支架 ,其中DeNovo支架 17个 ,Suboptimal支架 6个 ,Bail-out支架 2个。结果　 2 3例患者 2 5支血管植入 2 5个冠状动脉内支架。其中缠绕型支架 9个 ,包括Gianturco -Robin支架2个 ,XT支架 7个 ;管型支架植入 16个 ,均为NIR支架。植入前降支 15个 ,回旋支 2个 ,右冠状动脉 8个。所有支架植入均获得成功。 3例心绞痛复发的患者经造影证实为再狭窄 ,其中XT支架 1个 ,NIR支架 2个 ,总的再狭窄率为 12 % ,缠绕型和管型支架的再狭窄率分别为 11%和 12 .5 %。结论　冠状动脉内支架为治疗PTCA术后急性冠状动脉闭塞、降低再狭窄率的有效措施 ;根据不同的病变合理选择缠绕型和管型支架可提高支架植入的成功率 ,减少并发症。     

PBMV治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴中-重度肺动脉高压

目的评价经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴中或重度肺动脉高压的疗效。方法用Ｉｎｏｕｅ球囊导管行ＰＢＭＶ治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴肺动脉收缩压≥６０ｍｍＨｇ（８．００ｋＰａ）患者１０１例。用超声心动图和心导管法观察血流动力学效应。结果术后血流动力学明显改善,二尖瓣瓣口面积增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）;肺动脉收缩压及肺循环阻力明显降低（Ｐ〈０．００１）,这些变化在心房颤中层得中尤为明显。结论ＰＢＭＶ治疗严