铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析及分子流行病学研究简

目的 分析铜绿假单胞菌（PA）耐药现状及耐药基因情况.方法收集2009~2012年临床分离的PA 305株.K-B法进行药敏试验,并检出产ESBLs菌株及耐碳青霉烯的PA,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对产ESBLs菌株进行TEM、SHV、CTX-M基因检测,对耐碳青霉烯PA进行VIM、IPM、OXA-23基因检测.结果 3年中PA对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢他啶、左氧的耐药率呈上升趋势,氨曲南、阿米卡星的耐药率呈下降趋势,305株PA中共检出48株产ESBLs,57株耐碳青霉烯.PCR检测出5株PA含TEM基因,2株含SHV基因.CTX-M、VIM、IPM、OXA-23基因检测均为阴性.结论 产ESBLs是我院耐药PA的重要原因,耐碳青霉烯的PA不含VIM、IPM、OXA-23基因.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的研究产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌的发生及耐药性，为临床抗感染治疗合理使用抗生素提供指导。方法用美国临床实验室标准化研究所推荐的初筛试验和表型确证试验检测ESBLs产生株，使用最低抑菌浓度法和K—B法检测临床各类标本中分离的216株大肠埃希菌对22种抗生素的耐药情况。结果216株大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率为59．3％，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对大多数β-内酰胺类药物明显耐药，并对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类多数耐药，耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌，但对亚胺培南100％敏感。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌大多为多重耐药菌，其耐药性明显高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌，临床微生物实验室应加强对产ESBLs菌株的监测。     

广西宋内志贺菌药敏特性及ESBLs基因检测分析

目的了解广西地区宋内志贺菌的药敏特性及携带超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因与型别特征,为临床合理用药和控制耐药性的传播提供科学依据。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法对宋内志贺菌分离株进行药物敏感试验;采用PCR方法和毛细管电泳方法检测菌株携带相关ESBLs基因;采用近邻相接法构建系统进化树,分析菌株CTX-M型基因型别;对菌株携带ESBLs基因与特定抗菌药物耐药性的关系进行统计学分析。结果90株宋内志贺菌对环丙沙星敏感率为86.67%,无耐药现象;头孢曲松耐药率为96.67%,阿奇霉素耐药率为96.67%,多重耐药率为98.89%。90株宋内志贺菌中50株检出blaCTX-M-9 group基因,检出率为55.56%,经系统发育分析均为CTX-M-14亚型;1株检出blaTEM基因,检出率为1.11%;未检出blaCTX-M-1 group,blaCTX-M-2 group,blaCTX-M-8 group,blaCTX-M-25 group和blaOXA,blaSHV,blaNDM,blaVIM等β-内酰胺酶基因。blaCTX-M-14基因阳性菌株与blaCTX-M-14基因阴性菌株对头孢噻肟的耐药率差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.000,P>0.05);携带blaTEM基因的菌株对头孢他啶不耐药。结论广西地区的宋内志贺菌对主要治疗药物头孢曲松高度耐药,且多重耐药现象严重;菌株普遍携带ESBLs基因,主要为CTX-M-14亚型;携带单一型别的ESBLs基因与菌株对特定β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药无明显关联。     

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strain with Reduced Susceptibilities to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins

The spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is an increasing public health threat. Using Etest and multiantigen sequence typing, we detected sequence type 1407, which is associated with reduced susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, in 4 major populated regions in California, USA, in 2012.     

猪源产志贺毒素大肠埃希茵耐药性及超广谱β内酰胺酶基因型分析

目的了解我国猪源产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（Shigatoxin-producingEscherichiacoli,STEC）产超广谱8内酰胺酶（Extended—spectruml β-lactamases,ESBLs）情况及其基因型。方法对22株分离自重庆地区2个规模化养殖场健康猪粪的STEC菌株进行药物敏感性检测、ESBLs表型确证及7种类型（blaSHV,blaLEN,blaOKP,blaTEM,blaCTX-M,blaGES及blaKPC）ESBLs基因型PCR检测和测序分析。结果22株携带stx2e的STEC菌株中2株对所有23种测试抗生素敏感,其余菌株除对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感外,对其他抗生素均存在不同程度耐药。10株sTEc菌株（占45．45％）产ESBLs酶。PCR检测其中1株为blaCTX-M-1基因型,其余9株为blaCTX-M-9 ＋blaTEM-1基因型。结论重庆地区猪源STEC中存在较高比例的产ESBLs菌株。在加强人和动物STEC感染检测与监测的同时,应进行细菌耐药性监测。     

Assessment of five screening strategies for optimal detection of carriers of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units using daily sampling

There is no consensus on optimal screening procedures for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE) in intensive care units (ICUs). Therefore, we assessed five strategies for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and high-level expressed AmpC cephalosporinase (HL-CASE) producers. During a 3-month period, a rectal screening swab sample was collected daily from every ICU patient, from the first 24 h to the last day of ICU stay. Samples were plated on MDRE-selective media. Bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antibiograms were performed using disk diffusion. MDREs were isolated from 682/2348 (29.0%) screening samples collected from 93/269 (34.6%) patients. Incidences of patients with ESBL and HL-CASE producers were 17.8 and 19.3 per 100 admissions, respectively. In 48/93 patients, MDRE carriage was intermittent. Compared with systematic screening at admission, systematic screening at discharge did not significantly increase the rate of MDRE detection among the 93 patients (62% vs. 70%). In contrast, screening at admission and discharge, screening at admission and weekly thereafter, and screening at admission and weekly thereafter and at discharge significantly increased MDRE detection (77%, p 0.02; 76%, p 0.01; 86%, p <0.001, respectively). The difference in MDRE detection between these strategies relies essentially on the levels of detection of patients with HL-CASE producers. The most reasonable strategy would be to collect two samples, one at admission and one at discharge, which would detect 87.5% of the ESBL strains, 67.3% of the HL-CASE strains and 77.4% of all MDRE strains. This study should facilitate decision-making concerning the most suitable screening policy for MDRE detection in a given ICU setting.     

Investigational treatments for postoperative surgical site infections

Surgical site infections rank third among nosocomial infections, representing a global threat, associated with the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The pharmaceutical industry has recently curtailed developmental programmes; however, the need for new compounds is extremely important. This article reviews new antimicrobials and immunointerventional targets for their potential to treat surgical site infections in comparison with recently licensed compounds. Daptomycin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, telavancin, iclaprim and ranbezolid seem to be promising agents against infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens and effectively address the present problems of multi-resistance in Gram-positive infections. Peptide deformylase inhibitors and immunostimulating agents open new perspectives in this field; however, very few compounds targeting Gram-negative problematic pathogens are in the pipeline of the future. Tigecycline (recently marketed) ceftobiprole, ceftaroline and doripenem seem to possess an extended anti-Gram-positive and -negative spectrum. Among these compounds, only doripenem demonstrates activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for which there is a clear unmet need for new compounds, focusing on new targets.     

Colonization of residents and staff of a long-term-care facility and adjacent acute-care hospital geriatric unit by multiresistant bacteria

Long-term-care facilities (LTCFs) are reservoirs of resistant bacteria. We undertook a point-prevalence survey and risk factor analysis for specific resistance types among residents and staff of a Bolzano LTCF and among geriatric unit patients in the associated acute-care hospital. Urine samples and rectal, inguinal, oropharyngeal and nasal swabs were plated on chromogenic agar; isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; resistance genes and links to insertion sequences were sought by PCR; plasmids were analysed by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism and incompatibility grouping. Demographic data were collected. Of the LTCF residents, 74.8% were colonized with ≥1 resistant organism, 64% with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 38.7% with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 6.3% with metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producers, and 2.7% with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Corresponding rates for LTCF staff were 27.5%, 14.5%, 14.5%, 1.5% and 0%, respectively. Colonization frequencies for geriatric unit patients were lower than for those in the LTCF. Both clonal spread and plasmid transfer were implicated in the dissemination of MBL producers that harboured IncN plasmids bearing bla_VIM-1, qnrS, and bla_SHV-12. Most (44/45) ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates had bla_CTX-M genes of group 1; a few had bla_CTX-M genes of group 9 or bla_SHV-5; those with bla_CTX-M-15 or bla_SHV-5 were clonal. Risk factors for colonization of LTCF residents with resistant bacteria included age ≥86 years, antibiotic treatment in the previous 3 months, indwelling devices, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, physical disability, and the particular LTCF unit; those for geriatric unit patients were age and dementia. In conclusion, ESBL-producing and MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA were prevalent among the LTCF residents and staff, but less so in the hospital geriatric unit. Education of LTCF employees and better infection control are proposed to minimize the spread of resistant bacteria in the facility.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测与耐药性分析

目的:了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率及耐药性。方法:采用2007年CLSI/NCCLS推荐的初筛试验方法,从352株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中筛选出可疑产ESBLs细菌,并用验证试验加以确证,药敏试验采用Kirby-Bauer法。结果:大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率分别为42.68%(105/246)和52.83%(56/106);产ESBLs株对亚胺培南高度敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢西丁耐药率较低,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较不产ESBLs株高。结论:重视产ESBLs细菌的检测,根椐药敏试验合理用药,亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢西丁是目前治疗ESBLs株的有效药物。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌CTX—M型耐药基因分析

目的了解某院CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）在大肠埃希菌中的检出率，并确定其基因型。方法对该院2005年1—12月临床送检标本中分离的197株大肠埃希菌进行ESBLs表型确证试验和接合试验；采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测CTX-M酶基因型，对PCR产物测序并确定其基因型。结果197株大肠埃希菌中有104株（52．79％）ESBLs表型检测阳性，其中91株符合供体菌标准，64株（70．33％）接合成功，接合子均确证产ESBLS。PCR扩增结果示104株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中共有98株（94．23％）携带CTX-M型基因，其中38株（36．54％）检出blaCTX-M-1组基因，69株（66．35％）检出blaCTX-M-9组基因。64株接合子中共有51株（79．69％）携带CTX-M型基因，其中18株（28．13％）检出blaCTX-M-1组基因，35株（54．69％）检出blaCTX-M-9组基因。基因测序确定存在CTX-M-22、CTX-M-28、CTX-M-15、CTX-M-14、CTX-M-27五种基因亚型，以CTX-M-14为主。结论该院大肠埃希菌产ESBLs和耐药质粒水平传播情况严重，产ESBLs细菌基因型以CTX-M-9组的CTX-M-14亚型为主，同时存在CTX-M-22、CTX-M-28、CTX-M-15和CTX-M-27等多种亚型。