医疗器械口咽通气道产品注册的常见问题及改进建议

近年来,医疗器械口咽通气道产品的注册数量日益增加,针对该产品的相关咨询也逐渐增多。但该产品暂无相关的注册技术审查指导原则,以致该产品的注册申报资料经常出现一些共性问题。现根据医疗器械口咽通气道产品相关法规和标准,对日常工作中遇到的常见问题进行归纳,分析该产品注册申报中的技术审评要求及共性问题,并给出对策或建议。     

Poly(ortho ester) nanoparticles targeted for chronic intraocular diseases: ocular safety and localization after intravitreal injection

Treatment of posterior eye diseases is more challenging than the anterior segment ailments due to a series of anatomical barriers and physiological constraints confronted by drug delivery to the back of the eye. In recent years, concerted efforts in drug delivery have been made to prolong the residence time of drugs injected in the vitreous humor of the eye. Our previous studies demonstrated that poly(ortho ester) (POE) nanoparticles were biodegradable/biocompatible and were capable of long-term sustained release. The objective of the present study was to investigate the safety and localization of POE nanoparticles in New Zealand white rabbits and C57BL/6 mice after intravitreal administration for the treatment of chronic posterior ocular diseases. Two concentration levels of POE nanoparticles solution were chosen for intravitreal injection: 1.5?mg/ml and 10?mg/ml. Our results demonstrate that POE nanoparticles were distributed throughout the vitreous cavity by optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination 14 days post-intravitreal injection. Intraocular pressure was not changed from baseline. Inflammatory or adverse effects were undetectable by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that POE nanoparticles have negligible toxicity assessed at the cellular level evidenced by a lack of glia activation or apoptosis estimation after intravitreal injection. Collectively, POE nanoparticles are a novel and nontoxic as an ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of posterior ocular diseases.     

肠炎清合剂治疗慢性复发型溃疡性结肠炎大肠湿热证的临床观察

目的:观察肠炎清合剂对慢性复发型溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大肠湿热证患者诱导缓解效果及维持治疗对复发的影响,并从神经-内分泌-免疫炎症网络方面探讨了其作用机制。方法:将112例符合要求的患者随机分成对照组55例和观察组57例。对照组内服美沙拉嗪肠溶片,1.0 g/次,4次/d;Mayo评分系统≥7分者,加服醋酸泼尼松片,0.75 mg·kg^-1·d^-1;加用双歧杆菌活菌散剂,1包/次,2次/d,餐后温水冲服。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上服用肠炎清合剂,1包/次,分早晚2次服用。两组疗程均为连续治疗6周,再每周门诊复诊1次。进入缓解期后,两组患者均给予美沙拉嗪肠溶片,0.5 g/次,3次/d,维持治疗;观察组仍内服肠炎清合剂内服,至大肠湿热证评分减少≥90%以上。记录进入6周内缓解期的人数和缓解时间;进行治疗前后结肠镜检查,并进行Geboes指数和Baron法评价;进行治疗前后大肠湿热证评分和Mayo评分;检测治疗前后外周血白细胞介素-6(IL-6),IL-8,IL^-10,IL^-17,血管活性肠肽(VIP),胃动素(MTL)和神经肽Y(NPY);随访24周,记录复发情况。结果:经6周治疗后,观察组临床有效率为100%,黏膜愈合率为96.4%,均分别高于对照组的89.09%和81.82%(P<0.05),两组患者内镜应答率均为100%;经6周治疗后,观察组临床缓解率为91.23%,高于对照组的76.36%(χ2=4.581,P<0.05),观察组平均缓解时间短于对照组(P<0.01);治疗后观察组结肠黏膜评分,Geboes指数、大肠湿热证评分和Mayo评分均低于对照组(P<0.01);观察组患者外周血IL-6,IL-8和IL^-17水平均低于对照组(P<0.01),IL^-10水平高于对照组(P<0.01);观察组患者外周血VIP,MTL水平均低对照组(P<0.01),NPY水平高于对照组(P<0.01);观察组复发率为17.54%,低于对照组的38.18%(χ2=5.955,P<0.05);观察组平均复发时间长于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:在常规西医治疗的基础上,肠炎清合剂用于慢性复发型UC大肠湿热证的治疗,可诱导病情缓解,缩短病程,并能降低复发率,推迟复发时间,并对神经-内分泌-免疫炎症网络具有调节作用,从而可改善病情。     

Blockade of CCR5 in melanoma: An alternative immune checkpoint modulator

Melanoma is a deadly tumor, which in recent years has been successfully treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors and targeted therapy as BRAF and MEK inhibitors. However, immunotherapy poses deleterious side effects and pursuit of new therapeutic targets is warranted. As knowledge of tumor immunology advances, such targets are being recognized. C-motif chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) is a receptor found on immune cells whose effects impact the immune response both to induce inflammation and to activate suppressor cells causing an anti-inflammatory effect. CCR5 is well known as a target for HIV therapy where its blockade is efficient and safe, it is also known that its mutation CCR5delta32 is for the most part non-pathological to its carriers. In oncology, activation of the CCR5 receptor has been observed in high-stage disease and CCR5 blockade has been associated with an increased immune response. In this letter, we build up the rationale to utilize CCR5 as a therapeutic target for metastatic melanoma.     

高压氧治疗对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能的影响及其作用机制

目的 探讨高压氧（hyperbaric oxygen，HBO）治疗对慢性脑缺血（chronic cerebral ischemia，CCI）大鼠 学习记忆能力的影响及其作用机制。 方法 选取240只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、CCI组和HBO组，每组80只。采用双侧颈总动脉阻 断法建立CCI模型，HBO组建模12 h后开始进行HBO治疗28 d，压力0.2 MPa，每日1次，每次60 mi n。采用 Morri s水迷宫实验评估7、14、21、28 d大鼠的学习记忆能力，每个时间点20只，检测前均进行3 d训练， 记录各组大鼠的逃避潜伏时间、穿越平台次数。28 d后处死大鼠取海马组织进行HE染色评估神经元 损伤病理变化，RT-PCR法检测Nogo-A mRNA，Western blot法检测Nogo-A蛋白的表达水平。 结果 ①与假手术组比较，CCI 组7、14、21、28 d逃避潜伏时间均延长（均P＜0.05），28 d跨越平台次 数减少（P＜0.05）；与CCI 组比较，HBO组7、14、21、28 d逃避潜伏时间均缩短（均P＜0.05），28 d跨越 平台次数增加（P＜0.05）。②HE染色显示HBO组神经元损伤程度较CCI组减轻；③CCI组Nogo-A mRNA 和Nogo-A蛋白表达水平均较假手术组升高（均P＜0.05），HBO组表达水平均较CCI组下降（P＜0.05）。 结论 HBO治疗可改善慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能，其机制可能与下调海马组织中Nogo-A的表达水平 有关。     

Higher melatonin secretion is associated with lower leukocyte and platelet counts in the general elderly population: the HEIJO‐KYO cohort

Circulating white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts are widely available and inexpensive cellular biomarkers of systemic inflammation and have been associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. Melatonin may reduce systemic inflammation through its direct and indirect antioxidative effect; however, the associations of melatonin secretion with systemic inflammation remain unclear. In this cross‐sectional study on 1088 elderly individuals (mean age, 71.8 years), we measured overnight urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin excretion (UME) and WBC and PLT counts as indices of melatonin secretion and systemic inflammation, respectively. UME was naturally log‐transformed for linear regression models because of skewed distribution (median, 6.8 μg; interquartile range, 4.1–10.6 μg). Univariate models revealed that higher log‐transformed UME levels were significantly associated with lower WBC and PLT counts (P = 0.046 and 0.018). After adjusting for potential confounding factors significantly associated with WBC or PLT counts, higher log‐transformed UME levels were significantly associated with lower WBC and PLT counts (WBC: β, ?0.143; 95% confidence interval, ?0.267 to ?0.020; P = 0.023; PLT: β, ?6.786; 95% confidence interval, ?12.047 to ?1.525; P = 0.012). Furthermore, the adjusted mean differences in WBC and PLT counts between the lowest and highest UME tertile groups were 0.225 × 10⁹/L and 9.480 × 10⁹/L, respectively. In conclusion, melatonin secretion was significantly and inversely associated with WBC and PLT counts in the general elderly population. The associations were independent of several major causes of systemic inflammation, including aging, obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and physical inactivity.