Postdischarge management of patients with acute coronary syndrome is often suboptimal, despite their high risk of a subsequent event. Updated American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines emphasize the need for aggressive modification of risk factors and treatment with antiplatelet, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering agents commenced in-hospital and continued long-term. Antiplatelet therapy involving aspirin and clopidogrel is the mainstay of secondary risk reduction. Increased adherence to medication and risk factor modification at discharge has been demonstrated with acute care quality improvement initiatives. Extension of these initiatives to postdischarge care will provide data on medication adherence post acute coronary syndrome and functional outcomes in the community setting. Successful secondary prevention of cardiovascular events requires implementation of evidence-based guidelines by physicians, and adherence to pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modifications by patients. Primary care physicians are well placed to influence adherence through their ongoing relationships with patients and can save lives by implementing secondary risk reduction measures after discharge. 相似文献
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) are myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) with an increased risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. Aspirin is recommended to reduce this risk, but resistance to antiplatelet therapy seems to hamper its efficacy in some patients. We have previously shown that multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) was a valuable tool to assess aspirin resistance in MPN. In this study, MEA was used to assess the reduction in aspirin resistance after bi-daily (BID) aspirin intake or cytoreduction.
Fifty one MPN patients (31 ET and 20 PV) receiving 75 mg aspirin once daily (OD) or BID, with or without cytoreductive treatment, were analyzed. Aspirin resistance was assessed using whole blood MEA (Multiplate®, Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France).
In all patients, global aspirin resistance consisted mainly of turnover resistance (TOR). 94% of patients with OD aspirin intake and without cytoreduction displayed biological aspirin resistance. By switching to a BID aspirin regimen, the proportion of resistant patients reduced to 47%. Cytoreduction also contributed to reduce aspirin resistance in a similar way (50% of aspirin resistant patients). Combining cytoreduction and BID aspirin regimen was the most efficient way to reduce aspirin resistance yielding to 12% resistant patients. Moreover, a nonlinear correlation was observed between TOR and naive platelet counts regardless of aspirin regimen. Last, mutational status did not seem to affect TOR.
This study confirmed that BID aspirin is biologically more effective than OD aspirin in reduction of aspirin resistance. The latter was achieved through a reduction in TOR which was also decreased by cytoreductive therapy. 相似文献
Many recommendations for aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease are based on analyses of all antiplatelet therapies at all dosages and in both stable and unstable patients. Our objective was to evaluate the benefit and risk of low-dose aspirin (50-325 mg/d) in patients with stable cardiovascular disease.
Methods
Secondary prevention trials of low-dose aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease were identified by searches of the MEDLINE database from 1966 to 2006. Six randomized trials were identified that enrolled patients with a prior myocardial infarction (MI) (n = 1), stable angina (n = 1), or stroke/transient ischemic attack (n = 4). A random effects model was used to combine results from individual trials.
Results
Six studies randomized 9853 patients. Aspirin therapy was associated with a significant 21% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events (nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular death) (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.88), 26% reduction in the risk of nonfatal MI (95% CI, 0.60-0.91), 25% reduction in the risk of stroke (95% CI, 0.65-0.87), and 13% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI, 0.76-0.98). Patients treated with aspirin were significantly more likely to experience severe bleeding (odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI, 1.4-3.4). Treatment of 1000 patients for an average of 33 months would prevent 33 cardiovascular events, 12 nonfatal MIs, 25 nonfatal strokes, and 14 deaths, and cause 9 major bleeding events. Among those with ischemic heart disease, aspirin was most effective at reducing the risk of nonfatal MI and all-cause mortality; however, among those with cerebrovascular disease, aspirin was most effective at reducing the risk of stroke.
Conclusion
In patients with stable cardiovascular disease, low-dose aspirin therapy reduces the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, and increases the risk of severe bleeding. 相似文献
IntroductionVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in surgical patients, especially those undergoing lower limb orthopaedic procedures as well as oncological resectional surgery. Numerous studies have evaluated the role of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) in primary VTE prevention, with contradictory results reflected in divergent guidelines. We reviewed current evidence for ASA as primary VTE prophylaxis.MethodsEnglish language studies meeting our inclusion criteria were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Six studies (3 meta-analyses and 3 randomized trials) comparing ASA with placebo and 7 studies (1 meta-analysis, 5 randomized trials, and 1 prospective) comparing ASA with other anticoagulants were included in the final analysis. Retrospective studies and case reports were excluded.ResultsASA is more effective than placebo in primary VTE prevention. Although there is clinical equipoise when ASA is compared with other anticoagulants, studies specific to orthopaedic surgery suggest that ASA appears as effective as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and may reduce bleeding risk. Extended prophylaxis up to 4 weeks post surgery reduces VTE episodes.ConclusionsASA may be considered as a potential strategy in primary VTE prophylaxis in orthopaedic patients at high-risk of bleeding complications. Further studies comparing ASA with LMWH/oral anticoagulants in primary thromboprophylaxis following non-orthopaedic surgery are warranted. 相似文献
Although adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs occur in only a small proportion of users, the widespread use of these drugs has resulted in a substantial overall number of affected persons who experience serious gastrointestinal complications. Dyspeptic symptoms are estimated to occur in 10-60% of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users and lead to discontinuation of treatment in 5-15% of rheumatoid arthritis patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is now well established that the point prevalence of peptic ulcer disease in patients receiving conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy ranges between 10 and 30%, representing a 10- to 30-fold increase over that found in the general population. One out of 175 users of conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the USA will be hospitalized each year for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal damage. The mortality of hospitalized patients remains about 5-10%, with an expected annual death rate of 0.08%. The selective COX-2 inhibitors consistently show comparable efficacy to that of conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, but have a reduced propensity to cause gastrointestinal toxicity. In many cases, the gastric effects of therapeutically active doses of COX-2 inhibitors are indistinguishable from placebo. The safety benefits of COX-2 inhibitors given alone appear similar to those of combined therapy with conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastroprotective agents. These findings warrant the consideration of COX-2 inhibitors as first-line therapy in patients requiring long-term pain control. 相似文献
Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), which have gained approval for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thromboembolism, have become increasingly preferred over warfarin given their predictable pharmacodynamics, lack of required monitoring, and superior outcomes. Direct-acting oral anticoagulants have been shown to be associated with an increased frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding compared with warfarin, but the severity and characteristics of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients is poorly understood.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated electronic medical records of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 8496) from 2010-2016. We identified 61 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding episodes while treated with DOACs (rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or apixaban) and 123 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding while taking warfarin. We randomly selected a control group of 296 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding who were not receiving anticoagulation treatment from the same sample. Outcomes included the need for hospitalization, blood transfusion, endoscopic or surgical intervention, and 30-day mortality.
Results
The DOAC and warfarin groups were similar in terms of age and underlying comorbidity (assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index), but the DOAC group had greater concomitant aspirin use. Gastrointestinal bleeding was classified as upper (n = 186), lower (n = 88), anorectal (n = 183), small bowel (n = 9), and indeterminate (n = 14). After adjusting for differences in baseline variables, the DOAC group had fewer hospitalizations and required fewer transfusions than the warfarin group. The DOAC and control groups were not statistically different for all outcomes. There were no significant mortality differences among groups.
Conclusion
Although prior studies have shown a higher frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients treated with DOACs compared with warfarin, our data suggest that gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking DOACs may be less severe. These differences occurred despite significantly greater concomitant aspirin use in the DOAC group compared with warfarin users. 相似文献