阿司匹林对CKD3期患者肾功能影响的探讨

目的:阿司匹林属非甾体类抗炎药,常期以来被认为具有肾毒性。本文选取肾脏疾病中数量较多的慢性肾脏病(CKD)3期患者为观察对象,探讨阿司匹林对肾功能的影响。方法:选取2012年3月~2013年3月于我科门诊随访且资料完整的CKD3期患者。服用阿司匹林的指征为轻度头晕及胸闷(包括心电图ST-T改变),且无反指征(如上消化出血和严重溃疡病)。患者随机进入阿司匹林组(100 mg/d)和空白对照组,随访6个月。主要观查血小板聚集功能(ADP诱导法)、血肌酐(Scr)水平和肾小球滤过率(e GFR)(EPI及MDRD公式计算)以及尿蛋白量的变化。结果:最终进入统计的患者为36例(每组各为18例),其中男22例,女14例,平均年龄(56.6±9.8)岁,Scr(121.8±26.1)μmol/L,e GFR(53.4±12.3)ml·min-1·1.73 m-2(EPI公式),e GFR(50.5±10.3)ml·min-1·1.73 m-2(MDRD简化公式),24 h尿蛋白(0.748±0.27)g。(1)治疗前两组患者年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、血压、血小板计数、血尿素(BUN)、Scr、e GFR(EPI及MDRD公式计算)、24 h尿蛋白和尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比(ACR)差异均无统计学意义。(2)治疗前与治疗后3月、6月两组e GFR(EPI及MDRD公式计算)比较均差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗前后EPI和MDRD自身比较也差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)治疗前、治疗后3月和6月两组24 h尿蛋白比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组治疗前后24 h尿蛋白自身比较也差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后3月和6月两组ACR和尿红细胞比较也差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)治疗后3月和6月,阿司匹林组血小板聚集功能较对照组明显下降(3月64.6∶74.9,6月61.9∶75.1),P=0.000。(5)阿司匹林组:血小板聚集功能治疗后3月和6月较治疗前明显下降(3月64.6∶74.4,6月61.9∶74.4),P=0.000,而对照组没有明显变化。(6)两组治疗后粪隐血均为阴性,两组治疗后3月和6月腹痛差异无统计学意义。结论:阿司匹林对CKD3期患者肾功能没有明显影响,可安全使用。     

Aspirin in the primary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in surgical patients

IntroductionVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in surgical patients, especially those undergoing lower limb orthopaedic procedures as well as oncological resectional surgery. Numerous studies have evaluated the role of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) in primary VTE prevention, with contradictory results reflected in divergent guidelines. We reviewed current evidence for ASA as primary VTE prophylaxis.MethodsEnglish language studies meeting our inclusion criteria were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Six studies (3 meta-analyses and 3 randomized trials) comparing ASA with placebo and 7 studies (1 meta-analysis, 5 randomized trials, and 1 prospective) comparing ASA with other anticoagulants were included in the final analysis. Retrospective studies and case reports were excluded.ResultsASA is more effective than placebo in primary VTE prevention. Although there is clinical equipoise when ASA is compared with other anticoagulants, studies specific to orthopaedic surgery suggest that ASA appears as effective as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and may reduce bleeding risk. Extended prophylaxis up to 4 weeks post surgery reduces VTE episodes.ConclusionsASA may be considered as a potential strategy in primary VTE prophylaxis in orthopaedic patients at high-risk of bleeding complications. Further studies comparing ASA with LMWH/oral anticoagulants in primary thromboprophylaxis following non-orthopaedic surgery are warranted.     

阿司匹林通过抑制大鼠破骨细胞 RANK 表达抑制骨质吸收

目的：研究不同浓度阿司匹林对体外培养大鼠破骨细胞（Osteoclast, OC）RANK（receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB,核因子κB受体活化因子）表达的影响。方法采用RANKL和M-CSF诱导大鼠骨髓单核巨噬细胞破骨分化模型,给予不同浓度的阿司匹林（0.25 mmol/L、0.5 mmol/L、1.0 mmol/L、1.5 mmol/L）和雌激素（雌二醇10-6 mmol/L）处理,而后进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（ The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ,TRAP）染色观察细胞形态特征,扫描电镜观察骨磨片破骨细胞骨吸收陷窝,RT-PCR技术检测破骨细胞表面RANK基因的表达,ELISA法检测RANK蛋白的表达。结果阿司匹林和雌激素都可以使大鼠破骨细胞成熟分化程度和骨吸收活性降低,抑制破骨细胞RANK基因和蛋白的表达,且阿司匹林的抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。结论阿司匹林对大鼠破骨细胞RANK的表达有抑制作用且呈剂量依赖性,从而抑制破骨细胞的成熟分化及骨吸收功能。     

老年慢性非瓣膜房颤患者的抗凝治疗

目的比较肠溶阿司匹林和结晶华法林对慢性非瓣膜房颤的老年患者预防缺血性脑卒中的疗效。方法老年慢性非瓣膜性房颤患者431例,年龄>65岁,随机分为阿司匹林、华法林两组对照试验,服用2年,观察脑卒中和出血的发生率。结果年龄65～74岁没有危险因素的房颤患者脑卒中的发生率肠溶阿司匹林组为2.9%、华法林组为1.7%,差异无明显性(P>0.05);年龄65～74岁有危险因素的房颤患者脑卒中的发生率肠溶阿司匹林组为5.2%,明显高于华法林组2.1%。年龄≥75岁没有危险因素的患者,脑卒中发生率阿司匹林组4.9%明显高于华法林组2.3%;年龄≥75岁有危险因素的患者,脑卒中发生率阿司匹林组6.7%,明显高于华法林组2.2%(P<0.05)。出血并发症发生率阿司匹林3.06%、华法林组2.76%,两组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论年龄65～74岁没有危险因素的非瓣膜房颤患者可服用阿司匹林预防脑卒中。而对于年龄≥75岁以及所有有危险因素的患者须服用华法林预防脑卒中,华法林在抗凝同时没有增加出血的并发症。     

社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群中阿司匹林抵抗调查

目的：调查社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群中阿司匹林抵抗（AR）或半抵抗（ASR）的发生率及其流行病学特征,并探讨其与动脉粥样硬化危险因素的相关性.方法：筛选200例动脉粥样硬化高危患者服用阿司匹林（100 mg/d）至少7 d以上,用二磷酸腺苷（ADP）和花生四烯酸（AA）作诱导剂测定其前后血小板聚集功能变化及血清血栓烷B2（TXB2）水平测定.结果：200例动脉粥样硬化高危人群中AR发生率为4.5%,ASR者占20.7%.血清TXB2水平,AA、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率与健康对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;血清TXB2水平与血小板聚集率有较好的相关性（r=0.871）.结论：社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群服用阿司匹林后部分患者产生AR或ASR;检测AA、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,血清TXB2水平可作为动脉粥样硬化高危人群发生AR或ASR的评价指标.     

Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies in patients taking aspirin for cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis

Introduction

The management of anti-platelet therapy in the peri-operative period is a source of great concern. The dilemma is between whether to stop these agents peri-operatively in order to reduce the risk of bleeding complications, or to continue them in order not to compromise the protection they afford against the risk of cardiovascular events.

Materials and methods

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to understand whether continued aspirin therapy is a risk factor for bleeding complications after ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate. A bibliographic search covering the period from January 1990 to May 2011 was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. We also included our own series in the analysis.

Results

A total of 3218 participants were included. Haematuria was statistically more frequent (P = 0.001) among patients taking aspirin than in the control group with an odds ratio estimate of 1.36 [1.13; 1.64]. This increased risk was, however, due to minor bleeding. The occurrence of rectal bleeding and haematospermia was not statistically increased (P = 0.33 and P = 0.24, respectively) in patients taking aspirin compared to in the control group with odds ratios estimate of 1.24 [0.80; 1.93] and 1.52 [0.75; 3.08], respectively.

Discussion

There is limited information of the relationship between continued use of aspirin and haemorrhagic complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate. This is the first comprehensive analysis on this topic.

Conclusion

Continued use of aspirin does not increase the risk of overall bleeding or moderate and severe haematuria after prostatic biopsy, and thus stopping aspirin before such biopsies is unnecessary.     

Regional anaesthesia in patients taking anticoagulant drugs

Many surgical patients are taking drugs that impair normal coagulation, and this causes concern about the risk of perioperative bleeding events. The anaesthetist is particularly concerned about compressive vertebral canal haematomas, which may occur after spinal or epidural anaesthetic techniques. Fortunately, the risk of this complication is very low. The major risk factors are coagulopathy or technical difficulties with the block. There is also concern about perineural haematomas, which may be associated with peripheral nerve blocks. This article attempts to put the risks of these complications into context, with reference to different classes of anticoagulant drugs.     

阿司匹林联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死临床效果观察

目的：观察阿司匹林联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法将200例急性脑梗死患者随机分观察组和对照组各100例,观察组给予阿司匹林联合依达拉奉治疗,对照组仅给予依达拉奉治疗,比较2组治疗前后神经功能缺损情况评分和临床疗效。结果2组治疗后1周、2周、3周3个时间点的ESS评分均高于入院时,且观察组均高于对照组;观察组治疗后的总有效率为89％高于对照组的73％,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论阿司匹林联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死能更好地改善患者临床症状、促进缺损神经功能的恢复,提高患者的生活质量。     

阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀防治缺血性脑血管病临床研究

目的：探讨缺血性脑血管病应用阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀治疗的效果,以丰富临床治疗经验。方法：选择2012年6月～2013年6月在我院接收并确诊的缺血性脑血管病患者100例,根据入院治疗顺序随机分为对照组与观察组各50例,对照组通过给予阿司匹林进行治疗,观察组则通过给予阿司匹林以及辛伐他汀同时治疗,治疗后8周,统计两组患者的治疗总有效率,将结果进行对比。一年以后对所有患者进行随访,了解患者的长期病情。结果：治疗后,患者的临床症状均有明显的改善与缓解,观察组治疗的总有效率为84.00%,优于对照组的68.00%,差异显著（P<0.05）;在治疗一年后,对患者进行随访,观察组心肌梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作以及再发性脑梗死等疾病的发生率为16.00%,远远低于对照组的36.00%,差异显著（P<0.05）。结论：缺血性脑血管病应用阿司匹林联合辛伐他汀治疗,具有疗效确切、安全可靠等优点,值得临床推广。     

阿托伐他汀联合阿司匹林治疗下肢动脉粥样硬化研究

目的：观察阿托伐他汀联合阿司匹林治疗下肢动脉粥样硬化的临床效果。方法：选取下肢动脉粥样硬化患者100例随机分为观察组与对照组,每组50例。对照组采用阿司匹林治疗,观察组采用阿托伐他汀联合阿司匹林治疗,连续治疗2个月后观察两组治疗效果。结果：观察组血黏度、血细胞比容、纤维蛋白原等指标均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组与对照组治疗有效率分别为92.0%、76.0%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：阿托伐他汀联合阿司匹林治疗下肢动脉粥样硬化效果明显优于阿司匹林,是临床防治下肢动脉粥样硬化的有效治疗方案。