肝移植病人围术期低氧血症的防治

目的：探讨肝移植病人围术期影响呼吸功能的因素以及对低氧血症的预防和治疗措施。方法：回顾性分析了3例背驮式原位肝移植（POLT）患者的临床资料,对肝移植病人围术期发生的呼吸功能不全的原因进行分析,结果：围术期存活2例,死亡1例,术后并发急性呼吸衰竭,感染,急性排斥反应,肾衰等。结论：减少外科手术并发症是提高肝移植患者手术成功率以及长期存活的关键;呼吸“泵”衰竭是低氧血症形成的重要原因之一;及时有效的氧疗和机械通气是治疗肝移植病人术后并发症的一项重要措施。     

Effect of lumbar 5 ventral root transection on pain behaviors: a novel rat model for neuropathic pain without axotomy of primary sensory neurons

A peripheral nerve injury often causes neuropathic pain but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Several established animal models of peripheral neuropathic pain have greatly advanced our understanding of the diverse mechanisms of neuropathic pain. A common feature of these models is primary sensory neuron injury and the commingle of intact axons with degenerating axons in the sciatic nerve. Here we investigated whether neuropathic pain could be induced without sensory neuron injury following exposure of their peripheral axons to the milieu of Wallerian degeneration. We developed a unilateral lumbar 5 ventral root transection (L5 VRT) model in adult rats, in which L5 ventral root fibers entering the sciatic nerve were sectioned in the spinal canal. This model differs from previous ones in that DRG neurons and their afferents are kept uninjured and intact afferents expose to products of degenerating efferent ventral root fibers in the sciatic nerve and the denervated muscles. We found that the L5 VRT produced rapid (24 h after transection), robust and prolonged (56 days) bilateral mechanical allodynia, to a similar extent to that in rats with L5 spinal nerve transection (L5 SNT), cold allodynia and short-term thermal hyperalgesia (14 days). Furthermore, L5 VRT led to significant inflammation as demonstrated by infiltration of ED-1-positive monocytes/macrophages in the DRG, sciatic nerve and muscle fibers. These findings demonstrated that L5 VRT produced behavioral signs of neuropathic pain with high mechanical sensitivity and thermal responsiveness, and suggested that neuropathic pain can be induced without damage to sensory neurons. We propose that neuropathic pain in this model may be mediated by primed intact sensory neurons, which run through the milieu of Wallerian degeneration and inflammation after nerve injury. The L5 VRT model manifests the complex regional pain syndrome in some human patients, and it may provide an additional dimension to dissect out the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain.     

Lamotrigine monotherapy for control of neuralgia after nerve section

BACKGROUND: We present six patients treated only with the new-generation anticonvulsant lamotrigine to define its sole effect on neuralgia after nerve section. METHODS: Previous surgical or pharmacological attempts failed to relieve this neuropathic pain in our patients. Before initiation of lamotrigine therapy, patients reported spontaneous and touch-evoked shooting pain followed by periods of burning pain. No breakthrough medication was needed during the maintenance phase of 1-23 months. Data were acquired by a pain diary on a weekly basis. RESULTS: With 75-300 mg of lamotrigine per day, the burning and shooting pain intensity was relieved by 33-100%. Most obviously, the attack frequency of the shooting pain was reduced by 80-100%. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: We conclude that lamotrigine may be beneficial in the treatment of neuralgia after nerve section following the failure of previous pharmacological or surgical attempts.     

BiPAP呼吸机辅助治疗COPD急性加重期呼衰患者的护理

目的探讨双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期呼衰患者的护理体会。方法回顾性分析15例BiPAP无创通气治疗COPD呼衰患者,做好心理护理,保持呼吸道通畅,密切观察病情,加强健康教育等方法,比较治疗前后的效果。结果治疗后血气分析pH、PaO2明显改善(P<0.05),呼吸困难减轻,心率减慢。结论BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD呼衰患者是一种安全有效的方法,明显提高患者的生存质量。     

鱼腥草注射液预防机械通气下呼吸道深部真菌感染的临床观察

目的探讨鱼腥草注射液对机械通气下呼吸道深部真菌感染的预防效果及临床意义。方法回顾分析近4年在我科ICU接受机械通气治疗的129例患者,其中65例下呼吸道深部真菌感染危险度评分≥25,根据是否使用鱼腥草注射液作预防性用药,将65例分为预防组和对照组,比较分析两组在基础情况、机械通气下呼吸道深部真菌感染的发生率。结果预防组和对照组在年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分、SAPSⅡ评分和WVUH评分方面差异无显著性。对照组机械通气下呼吸道深部真菌感染的发生率显著高于预防组(P相似文献   

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是重症监护病房中治疗的难题。虽然经过多年的基础和临床研究,ARDS患者的病死率仍高居不下。本文对ARDS近年来治疗方面的进展作一综述,为其临床治疗提供参考。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气患者院内死亡的危险因素分析

目的了解急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气患者院内死亡的危险因素,提高临床救治水平。方法回顾性调查2001年4月~2005年4月93例机械通气>48 h的ARDS患者入院时的年龄、血气分析以及急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分等38项指标,根据是否院内死亡对各项指标进行单因素检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果院内死亡率为30.1%。单因素分析中,两组的总住院时间、重症监护治疗时间、部分凝血活酶时间、红细胞计数、血糖水平、消化道出血以及APACHEⅡ评分等指标具有显著性差异(P均<0.05)。生存组气管切开比例显著高于死亡组(P<0.05),Logistic回归分析显示血糖水平(P=0.043,OR4.114,95%CI:1.048~16.143)和APACHEⅡ评分(P=0.003,OR2.054,95%CI:1.271~3.317)与ARDS患者机械通气后死亡有关。结论血糖水平和APACHEⅡ评分是ARDS机械通气患者院内死亡的独立危险因素。     

呼气相压力-容积曲线在急性呼吸窘迫综合征犬肺开放策略中的应用价值

目的研究急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)犬呼气相压力-容积(P-V)曲线的特点及其在实施肺开放策略中的应用价值。方法采用大注射器法绘制ARDS犬呼气相和吸气相P-V曲线,根据曲线转折点选择不同水平的呼气末正压(PEEP),分析动脉血气、肺呼吸力学和血流动力学变化规律。结果①ARDS犬P-V曲线吸气相有两个转折点:低位拐点(LIP)及高位拐点(UIP),压力分别为(8.77±0.88)cm H2O和(13.75±0.66)cm H2O;呼气相曲线仅一个拐点(PPMC,d),压力为(10.67±0.83)cm H2O。②当PEEP从0逐渐增加到PPMC,d 2 cm H2O时,PaO2逐渐升高,静动脉分流/总血流量比值.Qs/.Qt逐渐降低;气道平台压、峰压、平均气道压逐渐升高;心排出量(CO)逐渐下降,肺循环阻力(PVR)、体循环阻力(SVR)逐渐升高。与PLIP比较,PEEP在PPMC,d及PPMC,d 2 cm H2O时PaO2显著升高[(366.67±33.00)cm H2O和(431.30±19.23)cm H2O比(309.40±30.71)cm H2O,P<0.05],Q.s/.Qt显著降低[14.38±1.48)%和(12.14±0.94)%比(17.35±1.29)%,P<0.05]。PPMC,d和PPMC,d 2 cm H2O时PaO2和.Qs/.Qt水平均与健康犬的PaO2[(446.78±49.80)cm H2O]和.Qs/.Qt[(12.25±1.08)%]水平接近,其中.Qs/.Qt变化与健康犬比较差异无统计学意义,但对循环的抑制作用却明显增强。结论对病变早期的犬ARDS采用“肺开放策略”是可行的,适当水平的通气压力可使损伤肺组织基本开放,PEEP可选择在PPMC,d或稍高于PPMC,d的水平。     

机械通气治疗顽固性心衰所致低氧血症的近期疗效观察

目的观察无创正压通气(NIPPV)和气管插管有创正压通气(IPPV)治疗顽固性心衰(RHF)所致低氧血症的作用及其对心功能的影响,评估其治疗RHF所致低氧血症的近期疗效。方法将各种原因发生RHF所致低氧血症的16例患者在原治疗基础上,根据病情分为NIPPV和IPPV治疗组,观察两组患者治疗过程中动脉血气、呼吸频率(RR)和心率(HR)变化,以及治疗前后射血分数(EF)的变化。结果NIPPV和IPPV治疗后2 h PaO2[(61.50±7.85)mm Hg和(60.85±8.23)mm Hg]较两组治疗前PaO2[(46.20±6.96)mm Hg和(40.78±5.36)mm Hg]显著增高(P<0.01)。两组治疗后2 h RR[(25±4)次/min和(24±4)次/min]及HR[(98±8)次/min和(98±9)次/min]较两组治疗前RR[(34±4)次/min和(36±5)次/min]及HR[(120±10)次/min和(131±15)次/min]显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。两组治疗后EF[(32.77±7.63)%和(29.14±6.45)%]较两组治疗前EF[(28.95±5.08)%和(25.61±5.73)%]显著增高(P<0.05)。结论机械通气可明显改善RHF的低氧血症和心功能,可作为其治疗手段之一。     

慢性呼吸衰竭患者无创比例辅助通气和压力支持通气的比较

目的比较无创比例辅助通气(PAV)和压力支持通气(PSV)治疗慢性呼吸衰竭患者的疗效和依从性。方法20例稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者随机选用PAV或PSV,记录患者动脉血气、平均潮气量(VT)、分钟通气量(VE)、气道峰压(PIP)和夜间通气时间;采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价通气舒适性、睡眠状况和不良反应。结果PAV和PSV治疗组VE和VT比较无显著差异(P均>0.05),PAV组PIP较低[(12.2±2.4)cm H2O比(15.6±3.8)cm H2O,P<0.05];PAV组夜间通气时间较长[(3.3±0.7)h比(2.6±0.5)h,P<0.05],口鼻咽干燥程度较轻[(3.6±0.7)分比(4.5±0.9)分,P<0.05],口腔漏气较少[(3.3±0.6)分比(4.4±0.8)分,P<0.01]。结论慢性呼吸衰竭患者无创PAV依从性较好。