The Relationship between maternal education and mental retardation in 10-year-old children

We conducted a case-control study of mental retardation (MR) in which case children (aged 10 years) were identified from existing records at multiple sources, primarily the public school systems. Control children were drawn from a roster of public school students not receiving special education services. We found that maternal educational level at the time of delivery was strongly and inversely related to a form of MR not accompanied by other serious neurologic conditions. For this isolated form of MR, maternal educational level was by far the most important predictor from among seven sociodemographic variables examined. There was a significant race-education interaction that indicated a steeper gradient in risk among white mothers than among black mothers. Relative to children of white mothers with 12 years of education, all children of black mothers, except those whose mothers had 16 or more years of education, were at increased risk. The results may be useful as a guide for selecting high-risk groups as candidates for early childhood intervention programs.     

早期尘肺病的肺功能评定和劳动能力鉴定探讨

目的：为探讨早期尘肺病患者肺功能评定及其劳动能力鉴定中的应用。方法：本文做了Ⅰ期77例尘肺病人通过临床表现即呼吸困难的判定、高仟伏X线胸片检查、肺功能测定等检查进行了肺功能损伤分级及劳动能力鉴定。结果：矽肺组的肺功能较铸工尘肺明显下降。吸烟组肺功能测定结果低于不吸烟者，尤其是矽肺组，两组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。77例尘肺病例中，44例尘肺病人为轻度损伤，其中矽肺33例，铸工尘肺11例，可定为伤残六级，33例尘肺肺功能测定正常，全部为铸工尘肺，伤残等级为七级。结论：我们测定的四项指标中有2项或2项以上指标有改变，并结合临床结果一致时，可诊断为该级别肺功能损伤较为合理。     

Sex differences in spatial ability in children

There is considerable evidence that sex differences in spatial ability exist in adults, with males outperforming females at every age after puberty. It is difficult, however, to find sex differences in children younger than 13. This is due in part to the lack of adequate measures of spatial ability for use with children. We report the use of spatial tests for children that are similar to those that have shown large sex differences in adults and may be measuring ability comparable to adult spatial ability. Four tests of mental rotation and spatial visualization were given to two samples of children. The first sample consisted of 81 children (39 males and 42 females) aged 9 to 12 years. The second sample consisted of 42 children (21 males and 21 females) aged 9 to 13 years. Sex differences of .4–.6 standard deviations were found on three tests in both samples. These results indicate that sex differences in spatial ability can be found in preadolescents if appropriate tests are used. Measurement of these abilities in children facilitates the investigation of possible biological and sociocultural contributors to the sex differences in spatial ability.This study was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant HD19644 and NIH Biomedical Research Support Grant S07 RR05366-24.     

腰椎管狭窄动物模型的实验研究

目的：建立腰椎管狭窄(lumbar spinal canal stenosis，LSCS)的动物模型，在此基础上进行步态、知觉过敏、电生理及组织学研究。方法：LSCS组选用8周的Wistar大鼠28只，切除腰5腰椎棘突、椎弓，并移植碎骨片于此处。Sham手术组为6只，仅切除椎弓。对照组为3只，不作任何处理。术后8、9个月进行步态、知觉过敏及脊髓体感诱发电位的波幅(SSEP)的测定，同时，术后9个月进行组织学分析。结果：LSCS组，术后8个月步行距离明显减少，步容出现变化，Seep的振幅明显减小及知觉出现过敏。术后9个月步行距离明显减少、步容出现变化、知觉出现过敏及Seep的振幅明显减小的同时，椎管横断面积减少，粗纤维减少而细纤维增多。结论：腰椎管狭窄后，大鼠步行分析、电生理学及组织学均出现明显异常。为以后药物治疗的研究打下基础。     

Sex and Intrauterine Position Influence the Size of the Gerbil Hippocampus

Sex differences in home range size and spatial ability are predictive of sex differences in the relative size of the hippocampus in rodents. Such differences in behavior and hippocampal volume are presumed to be, in part, the result of differences in perinatal exposure to hormones. We predicted from differences in the size of home ranges of male and female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in the wild that the hippocampus of male gerbils would be relatively larger than that of females. We examined the effect of prenatal hormonal influences on hippocampal size by comparing hippocampal volume of males and females from 2F and 2M intrauterine positions to that of randomly selected males and females. We found that, as predicted, randomly selected males had a significantly larger hippocampus, relative to telencephalon, than did randomly selected females. However, males and females from 2F and 2M intrauterine positions did not differ in relative hippocampal size. Possible explanations for the absence of a sex difference in hippocampal size in male and female gerbils from 2F and 2M intrauterine positions are discussed.     

不同强度运动对女子游泳运动员性激素水平的影响及特点

本研究以放兔分析法观察不同强度运动前后19名女子游泳运动员血清促卵泡激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E_2)、孕酮(P)、睾酮(T)及胰岛素(Ins)的变化。受试者在卵泡及黄体两期分别进行短时间高强度间歇运动——6×50m全速力竭性游泳和长时间持续运动——1000m全速力竭性游泳。在运动前5分钟及运动后即刻分别采集静脉血测定各种激素含量。主要结果如下:受试者从事6×50m最大速度间歇游泳后,卵泡期各种激素浓度的变化均显著高于运动前安静状态,黄体期变化不一,FSH、LH降低,E_2、P、T及Ins升高。从事1000m全速游泳后,激素变化表现为卵泡期FSH、LH、E_2、P均升高,T及Ins降低;黄体期E_2、P、T升高,Ins降低,FSH、LH无显著变化,两期相比黄体期运动成绩优于卵泡期。上述结果提示:①受试者月经周期的黄体期机体有氧能力强于卵泡期,运动能力的增强与黄体期E_2、P、T水平升高有关。②FSH、LH与E_2、P分泌变化并非同步一致,说明运动中E_2升高并非受制于促性腺激素,而主要是卵巢分泌量升高所致。③运动中E_2、P、T具有协同效应,可抵抗疲劳,提高人体运动能力。     

“强力”饮料对大鼠心肌组织化学的影响

“强力”饮料是增强体质的强壮饮料,内含多种氨基酸、微量元素和维生素。临床观察和动物试验已证明可改善人和动物的运动能力。30支Wistar雄性大鼠随机地分为三组:实验Ⅰ组、实验Ⅱ组和对照组。实验Ⅰ组每日服“强力”饮料,实验Ⅱ组每日服水。观察10天后,实验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ配对进行最大游泳试验。左心肌进行了下述组化反应:糖原:Akpase,ACPase ATPase和SDH。结果说明实验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的糖原,AKPase和ACPase之间存在明显的差异。结论为强力饮料可能改善或延缓大鼠运动时心肌缺血。     

神经内科临床实习生临床思维能力培养实践

目的 探讨提高神经内科临床医学实习生临床思维能力的方法。方法 选择2017年至2018年临床医学实习生为研究对象,2018年为试验组（98人）,2017年为对照组（95人）。试验组实施临床思维能力培养,对照组采用传统常规的方法培养。实习结束前,采用自制的《临床医学实习生临床思维能力调查问卷》进行调查,评价教学效果。使用SPSS 14.0进行t检验和卡方检验。结果 试验组与对照组均存在临床思维的片面性、表像性、定势性、被动性、懒惰性、简化性、混乱性等问题,试验组存在的临床思维方面问题较对照组明显下降（P<0.001）,其中试验组的临床思维的片面性、表像性、定势性、被动性、懒惰性方面与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。除语言沟通与表达能力外,试验组的其他临床思维能力自评得分与对照组比较差异都有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组的出科考核成绩与对照组比较差异也有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 临床医学生在神经内科实习阶段实施临床思维训练,有利于培养学生的临床思维能力,提高人才培养质量。     

低频脉冲电刺激联合摄食-吞咽训练在AIS后吞咽障碍的应用及疗效

探讨低频脉冲电刺激联合摄食-吞咽训练在急性缺血性脑卒中（AIS）后吞咽障碍的应用及对呼吸能力、吞咽功能、营养指标的影响。方法 选取本院2019年6月—2021年8月107例AIS后吞咽功能障碍患者,随机分为观察组（n=54）和对照组（n=53）,对照组给予摄食-吞咽训练,观察组在对照组的基础上使用低频脉冲电刺激治疗,两组均持续治疗1个月,比较两组治疗前后吞咽功能、舌骨喉复合体动度、喉镜吞咽功能(FEES)评估结果、呼吸功能、营养指标以及并发症发生情况。结果 观察组治疗后洼田饮水试验评定、标准吞咽功能评价量表（SSA）评分、吞咽功能初筛量表（EAT-10）评分低于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后舌骨喉复合体动度包括舌骨向前、上移以及喉向前、喉上移最大幅度均大于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后FEES评价中声带麻痹、食物渗漏、食物潴留、误吸比例低于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后肺功能指标最长呼气时间、第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）以及最大吸气压（PImax）均大于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后营养指标BMI指数、血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、转铁蛋白（TRF）、前白蛋白（PALB）水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组吸入性肺炎发生率低于对照组,营养不良发生率为低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。结论 低频脉冲电刺激联合摄食-吞咽训练治疗AIS后吞咽障碍,可有效促进吞咽功能恢复,改善舌骨喉复合体动度,增强呼吸功能,提高营养状态,降低并发症发生风险