人胎儿脊髓神经肽Y样神经元及其纤维的发育和分布的免疫细胞化学研究

人工流产胎儿标本２３例，孕龄１０～４１周，用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，研究人胎儿脊髓神经肽Ｙ样神经元的发育和分布。结果在胎龄第１０周，发现脊髓后角浅层（ＲｅｘｔｄⅠ、Ⅱ层）已有神经肽Ｙ样免疫阳性神经元胞体存在，且阳性神经元总数随胎龄的增加而递增，并向后角深层（ＲｅｘｅｄⅢ～Ⅳ层）扩展神经肽Ｙ样阳性纤维，在胎龄第１０周，不仅出现于脊髓的灰质和白质，而且见于脊髓的被膜。随胎龄的增长，免疫阳性反应纤维相对集中于脊髓的植物性神经中枢的所在部位，揭示在妊娠早期，神经肽Ｙ可能与脊髓植物神经元的发育及其功能的调节有关。     

Effects of carotid sinus nerve transection on changes in neuropeptide Y and indolamines induced by long-term hypoxia in rats

 Long-term hypoxia induces changes in neuropeptide-Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and/or in the content of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) at the central level. To determine whether these alterations depend on the integrity of carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors, intact rats or those whose carotid sinus nerve was transected (CSNT) were exposed to hypoxia (10% O₂) or to normoxia for 14 days. Thereafter, NPY-LI, 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in discrete brain regions were determined. The increase in NPY-LI in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM) of intact hypoxic rats was mostly abolished after CSNT and therefore is mainly mediated by CB chemoreceptors. In contrast, other hypoxia-induced changes were similar or even enhanced in CSNT as compared to intact rats and therefore do not depend on the integrity of CB chemoreceptors. This was the case for the increase of NPY-LI in the striatum and the caudal dorsomedian medulla oblongata (DMM), as well as for all the changes in 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the DMM, the VLM, the raphe nuclei, the striatum and the frontal cortex. We propose that long-term hypoxia alters brain NPY-LI and indolamine content through the stimulation of CB chemoreceptors or ancillary chemoreceptors, as well as through local biochemical or morphological mechanisms. Received: 5 May 1998 / Received after revision: 27 July 1998 / Accepted: 3 September 1998     

Forensic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 23 Y-STR loci in the Miao population from Guizhou province,southwest China

Background: Investigation of haplotype/allele frequency data of Y-STR loci in ethnically diverse populations is essential for forensic reference database construction and genetic application. However, the population genetic characteristics of the Chinese Miao minority from Guizhou Province remain uncharacterised.

Aim: To assess forensic characteristics for 23 Y-Chromosomal STR loci in Guizhou Miao and explore population genetic relationships with geographically neighbouring populations.

Subjects and methods: Twenty-three Y-Chromosomal STRs were genotyped using the Powerplex^® Y23 system in 103 unrelated Chinese Miao males from Guizhou Province, southwest China. Haplotypes and forensic parameters were obtained. Population relationships of Guizhou Miao with others were revealed using AMOVA and an MDS plot.

Results: A total of 96 haplotypes were identified with overall haplotype diversity (HD) and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.9985 and 0.9320, respectively. Genetic differentiation was observed with most of the comparison populations, prominently for Guizhou Shui.

Conclusion: The 23 Y-STR loci were highly polymorphic and discriminating in the Guizhou Miao population and could be used for forensic practice and population genetic studies. Population relationship analysis revealed Guizhou Miao had a close genetic relationship with geographically close Guizhou Gelao, as well as Han majorities derived from different regions.     

Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids

We are currently facing an obesity pandemic, with worldwide obesity rates having tripled since 1975. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are now the leading cause of death worldwide. This calls for urgent action towards understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the development of obesity as well as developing more effective treatments and interventions. Appetite is carefully regulated in humans via the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can lead to an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, which often leads to overeating, and potentially weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity. Several lines of research have shown imbalances in gut hormones are found in those who are overweight or obese, which may be contributing to their condition. Therefore, this review examines the evidence for targeting gut hormones in the treatment of obesity by discussing how their dysregulation influences food intake, the potential possibility of altering the circulating levels of these hormones for treating obesity, as well as the role of short chain fatty acids and protein as novel treatments.     

乌拉地尔对重症高血压患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽、内皮素、神经肽Y含量的影响

目的：观察乌拉地尔(Ura)对重症高血压（CH)患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）、内皮素（ET）、神经肽Y（NPY）含量的影响。方法：用放射免疫分析方法测定30例CH患者血浆CGRP、ET、NPY水平,并以40例健康者作对照。观察CH患者静脉注射Ura(0.4-0.6mg/kg)后诸指标变化。结果：CH患者血浆CGRP水平显著低于健康对照组（P＜0．01）,ET和NPY明显高于健康对照组（均P＜0．01）。经Ura治疗后CH患者CGRP水平明显升高,ET、NPY水平明显下降（均P＜0．01）。结论：CGRP,ET和NPY是参与CH发病的重要体液因素,Ura可明显提高CH患者体内CGRP水平,有效拮抗ET和NPY的缩血管作用,对改善CH患者血流动力学和心肌氧供需失平衡有重要作用。     

补肾活血、泻下及开窍活血方药对老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注心肌损伤的作用

为研究益元活血丹和大黄及血栓心脉宁对老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注心肌损伤防护作用的机制。将老龄大鼠分为对照组、模型组、尼莫地平组、益元活血丹大小剂量组、大黄组、血栓心脉宁组,观察LDH、CPK活性和NE、DA、E、ET、CGRP、NPY的含量的变化。模型组血清中CPK、LDH活性和血浆ET及脑组织NPY含量增高,交感-肾上腺系统兴奋增强。与模型组比较,大黄组血清LDH和CPK活性减低,益元活血丹大剂量组和血栓心脉宁组及大黄组血浆ET含量、大黄组和益元活血丹大剂量组脑组织NPY含量降低,益元活血丹小剂量组血浆中CGRP水平增高;用药各组交感-肾上腺系统兴奋减低。提示大黄和血栓心脉宁及益元活血丹对心肌损伤的保护作用可能与其抑制交感-肾上腺系统兴奋增强和调节CGRP与ET间的平衡失调有关。     

左旋精氨酸、牛磺酸及卡托普利对自发性高血压大鼠血压相关因素的影响

目的：研究左旋精氨酸、牛磺酸、卡托普利单用及合用对自发性高血压大鼠的血压以及血神经肽Y、血脂水平的影响。方法：①用MRB－ⅢA型血压记录仪（上海第二医科大学高血压研究所）,在大鼠清醒状态下,测鼠尾的尾动脉收缩压。②用酶法测定血清胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）。③用^125I标记法和放射免疫法测血浆神经肽Y。结果：①经过四周药物治疗,左旋精氨酸且（L-arg)、牛磺酸组（Tau）血压均无变化（P＞0．05）。卡托普利组（Cap )、三药合用组（L－arg Tau Cap)血压均下降（P＜0．0005）,L－arg Tau Cap组,血压下降比卡托普利组明显（P＜0．01）。②经过四周药物治疗,牛磺酸组TC降低,TG无变化。L－arg Tau Cap组TC和TG均降低,左旋精氨酸组、卡托普利组TC和TG均无变化（P＞0．05）。③经过四周药物治疗,左旋精氨酸组、牛磺酸组NPY无变化（P＞0．05）。卡托普利组、L－arg Tau Cap 组NPY下降。用药前后,四组SHR大鼠血压高低与血浆神经肽Y的浓度均呈正相关（P＜0．05）。结论：①四组大鼠治疗后,左旋精氨酸、牛磺酸组血压换变化;卡托普利组和合用组均出现血压降低,合用组降压效果经弹卡托普利明显。②牛磺酸治疗组血清胆固醇降低;三种药物合用组血清胆固醇和甘油三酯的降低。左旋精氨酸组、卡托普利组血脂无变化。③自发 性高血压大鼠的血压变化与血浆神经肽Y浓度的变化呈正相关,神经肽Y可能参与了高血压的发生发展。     

游泳训练大鼠血浆生物活性肽含量的变化及意义

目的研究运动性心肌肥大形成中血浆生物活性肽的含量及意义.方法wistar大鼠分为运动训练组和对照组,NPY、CGRP、ET和ANP用放射免疫方法测定,血压和心率用八道生理记录仪记录.结果(1)运动组大鼠游泳训练8周后,心脏系数比对照组增加36.8%(P＜0.05),而收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压和心率与对照组无差异(P＞0.05);(2)运动组心肌肥大大鼠血浆NPY均比照组降低88%(P＜0.01);(3)运动组心肌肥大大鼠血浆CGRP比对照组升高31%(P＜0.01);(4)运动组血浆ET和ANP浓度与对照组无差异.结论运动性心肌肥大形成中血浆的CGRP、NPY含量变化不同,提示CGRP和NPY对运动性心肌肥大的形成可能有重要作用.     

脑梗死患者血浆神经肽Y、降钙素基因相关肽、神经降压素、胃动素动态变化及其临床意义

观察脑梗死(CI)患者神经肽Y(NPY)、神经降压素(NT)、胃动素(MTL)、降钙素基因 相关肽(CGRP)浓度变化及其临床意义。方法选择C162例,用放免法检测血浆NPY、NT、MTL与CGRP浓度。结果NPY、NT与MTL浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.0001);于发病后24h内显著升高,7d内达高峰,8～15d开始下降,15d后仍在较高水平。NPY浓度重型与大灶组显著高于轻型(P<0.05)与小灶组(P<0.01);发病积分≥6分组显著高于<6分组(P<0.05);高血压组显著高于正常血压组(P<0.05)。NT与MTL浓度重型组显著高于中(P<0.05)、轻型组(P<0.01);高血糖组显著高于正常血糖组(P<O.01)。CGRP浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.0001),发病24h内即显著降低,2～7d进一步降低,8～15d开始升高,15d后逐渐升至正常水平。重型与大灶组显著高于轻型(P<0.0001)、中型(P<0.01)与小灶组(P<0.01);伴发病积分≥6分组显著低于<6分组(P<0.05)。结论CI患者NPY、NT、MTL、CGRP浓度变化以7d内最显著,15d后逐渐恢复正常水平;四种浓度监测可作为判断CI患者病情严重程度、病灶大小及伴发病的实验室指标。     

先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患儿血浆神经肽Y、降钙素基因相关肽的研究

目的研究降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、神经肽Y(NPY)与先心病肺高压的关系,分析两者是否具有相关性.方法采用放射免疫法测定80例先天性心脏病(13例非肺高压,67例肺高压)血清NPY、CGRP的浓度,比较两组间不同采血部位及手术前后水平变化.结果血浆NPY及CGRP浓度非肺高压组与轻、中、重度肺高压组均存在显著性差异;手术前后轻、中度肺高压组存在显著性差异,而重度肺高压组差异不明显;NPY与CGRP存在负相关关系.结论NPY及CGRP在先天性心脏病肺动脉高压的发生机制中有重要的作用,NPY/CGRP比值可作为估测肺动脉压力和判断先心病预后的重要指标.