Improvement of heat－tolerance by training Ⅱ．Evaluation of effects of cross－country race and heat－bath training on heat－tolera

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Injection of botulinum A toxin into the gastrocnemius muscle of patients with cerebral palsy: a 3-dimensional motion analysis study

Botulinum A toxin (BOTOX^®) was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle of 26 cerebral palsy subjects with equinus gait. All subjects were equinus walkers without fixed contracture of the triceps-surae muscle. Injections were performed at 3 month intervals, if needed, as determined by the treating clinician. There were 14 subjects with spastic hemiplegia, 11 subjects with spastic diplegia and 1 subject with spastic quadriplegia. In the case of those subjects with bilateral equinus gait the dose was divided and given into both the right and left gastrocnemius muscle. Gait analysis data was collected prior to the first injection and subsequently at 3 month intervals for 1 year. Kinematic and electromyographic data was obtained. This data was analyzed to provide objective information about the outcome of treatment. Four subjects moved away and were lost to follow-up. Seven subjects left the study to have surgery. The data collected revealed statistically significant improvements in dynamic ankle dorsiflexion in both stance and swing phases, stride length, and electromyography of the tibialis anterior. There were no complications. While the results of this study are promising, additional prospective studies are needed to determine the feasibility of preventing muscle contractures over a longer time period. Furthermore, there is a need for inclusion of other muscles in future research. Future research should also compare BOTOX^® treatment with alternative methods of dealing with muscle spasticity such as: casting, orthotic devices, physical therapy, selective dorsal rhizotomy, and surgical lengthening.     

The syndrome of senile gait

Summary Infrared computed stroboscopic photometry was used to quantify the kinematic profiles of walking in 10 elderly patients with symmetrical neurological disturbances of gait and in 19 age-matched neurologically healthy people. Clinical examination of the patients revealed similar profiles of walking even though their diagnoses were vascular dementia (2), normal pressure hydrocephalus (2), Alzheimer dementia with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus (2), mixed Alzheimer and vascular dementia (1), peripheral neuropathy (1), Alzheimer dementia with parkinsonian features (1), and un determined (1). Quantitatively, the patients' gait kinematics deviated greatly from control values, but these deviations were statistically attributable to reductions in stride. We suggest that many gait disturbances in elderly people are similar, regardless of etiology, because the characteristics of these gait disturbances are heavily veiled by nonspecific stride-dependent changes that comprise the syndrome of senile gait.     

Tension neck and evaluation of a physical training course among office workers in a bank corporation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a physical training course in a group of patients (n=74) suffering from chronic tension neck. All participants in the course were employed by a bank corporation in Helsinki, Finland. A comparable control group (n=77) consisted of office workers with tension neck from the same bank corporation who did not attend any training course. The outcome was analysed 6 months after the course. Pain and disability in the neck and shoulder region did not vary significantly between the group which participated in the training course and the control group. The experimental group had increased the amount of physical workout compared to the control group (83.7% vs 69.0%, P = 0.0448). Also, regarding the frequency of relaxation and stretching exercises the two groups differed significantly: the experimental group had continued to perform exercises more often (P= 0.0434). The frequency of sick leave days did not significantly differ between the groups, but the office workers in the experimental group had more periods of extended sick leave (> 10 days) and the controls had more frequent short sick leaves. The experimental group did increase their physical workout significantly compared with the controls, but no differences were detected regarding pain and disability. In order to gain more benefit more attention should be paid to the educational part of the training courses in order to enhance the patients'self-care abilities. Also, strategies to alleviate psychosocial problems and organized relaxation exercises could decrease muscle tension in the neck in office workers.     

广西射击运动员血清脂质水平分析

目的：了解射击运动员高脂血症的发生情况和可能的引发因素，为预防高脂血症提供依据。方法：对从事专业训练半年以上，无急慢性疾病的53名省级优秀射击运动员进行膳食调查和血清脂质水平检测。结果：运动员的高脂血症检出率为28．3％，全部为高甘油三脂血症；膳食中 运动员除了摄入维生素B1、B2不足和维生素A缺乏外，其他各类营养素基本能满足机体需要，属基本合理膳食。结论：以抗阻训练和静力运动为运动特征的射击运动，可能会对机体血脂代谢产生不利的影响。     

女性飞行学员高空飞行生理生化耐受能力研究

为从高空缺氧耐力训练前后生理、生化角度探讨中国女飞行员驾驶战斗机的可行性,在地面模拟高空缺氧及高空飞行训练前后行心电图、心率、血氧饱和度、血压、血尿酸(BUA)、肌酸激酶(CK)、血红蛋白(Hb)、乳酸(BLA)、肌酐(Cr)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)测定,并与男飞行学员的测定结果比较.发现男女飞行学员的心电图、心率、血氧饱和度、血压、Cr、CK、BUA和AST均无显著性差异;女飞行学员在高空耐缺氧Hb代偿反应高于男飞行学员(P<0.05),而BLA水平低于男飞行学员(P<0.05).认为中国女飞行学员在生理生化耐受能力上能胜任飞战斗机.     

Head Start Teaching Center: Differential Training Effects for Head Start Personnel

Driven by research findings regarding the positive relationship between training and enhancement of services, as well as literature on adult learning, the New England Head Start Teaching Center (NEHSTC) was created in 1992 to test the efficacy of participatory, hands-on training. The purpose of this paper is to examine the outcome evaluation results from 4 years of training at the NEHSTC, 1 of 14 federally funded sites, as well as to discuss the implications for delivering this type of participatory training throughout Head Start. Findings suggest that the NEHSTC was successful in implementing high quality, participatory training within the context of an ongoing Head Start program. Head Start staff who participated in the NEHSTC trainings demonstrated gains in knowledge, skills, and expertise compared to similar Head Start employees who did not receive training. Results also reveal a sustained effect of training over time, with NEHSTC participants continuing to demonstrate enhanced knowledge and skills 6 months after training. Similar positive outcomes of training were found for staff with varying levels of experience and holding different Head Start positions. Thus the participatory, hands-on training implemented by the NEHSTC was found to produce positive and lasting outcomes for diverse Head Start staff. An effective and cost efficient model of training Head Start personnel is particularly relevant and timely as Head Start strives to establish universal quality and expansion of services in the 21st Century. The findings are also relevant for improving the quality of all early care and education programs.     

经鼻蝶窦手术动物模型神经内镜手术训练

目的建立一种活体动物的神经内镜经鼻蝶手术模拟训练方法。方法选择大鼠，建立一套训练计划，完成内镜图像导引下的内镜操作，电凝止血、冲洗和吸引、活检等神经内镜经鼻蝶手术的基本技巧。结果利用大鼠颅脑进行模仿内镜经鼻蝶手术，如在内镜图像导引下操作内镜的方法；熟悉内镜系统、电凝系统、冲洗和吸引设备的使用；熟悉了神经内镜经鼻蝶手术的步骤。结论作为神经内镜实验室训练的重要组成部分，通过利用大鼠颅脑进行模拟神经内镜手术，训练者可以从中获得神经内镜操作基本技巧的练习。     

对医学工程技术人员岗位培训方式的探讨

本文对如何开展医学工程技术人员的培训进行了分析，并提出了一些具体的办法。