Monitoring reproductive health in Europe: what are the best indicators of reproductive health? A need for evidence-based quality indicators of reproductive health care

Monitoring reproductive health by the Reprostat indicators in Europe will facilitate the transparency of reproductive health as well as comparisons over time and between countries. However, for the monitoring and improvement of reproductive health care, we suggest the systematic development of evidence-based quality indicators, especially process and structure indicators.     

Kinetic Modeling of Contrast-Enhanced MRI: An Automated Technique for Assessing Inflammation in the Rheumatoid Arthritis Wrist

In recent years, development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drug therapy has been more directly targeted to counteract specific mechanisms of inflammation, and it is now believed that early aggressive treatment with disease modifying drugs is important to inhibit future structural joint damage. The development of these new treatments has increased the need for methodologies to assess disease activity in RA and monitor the effectiveness of drug therapy. Unlike X-ray, which shows only structural bone damage, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can depict soft tissue damage and synovitis, the primary pathology of RA. Recent studies have also indicated that MRI is sensitive to pathophysiologic changes that may predate radiographic erosions and may predict future joint damage. In this study, we have developed a computer automated analysis technique for MR wrist images that provides an objective measure of RA synovitis. This method applies a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model to every voxel of a dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) dataset and outputs resulting parametric images. The aim of this technique is to not only objectively quantify the severity of rheumatoid synovitis, but to also locally determine where areas of serious disease activity are situated through kinetic modeling of blood-tissue exchange. Preliminary results show good correlation to early enhancement rate, which has previously been shown to be a useful clinical marker of RA activity. However, the use of tracer kinetic modeling methods potentially provides more specific information regarding underlying RA physiology. This approach could provide a useful new tool in RA patient management and could substantially improve RA therapeutic studies by calculating objective biomarkers of the disease state.     

An Experimentally Derived Stress Resultant Shell Model for Heart Valve Dynamic Simulations

In order to achieve a more realistic and accurate computational simulation of native and bioprosthetic heart valve dynamics, a finite shell element model was developed. Experimentally derived and uncoupled in-plane and bending behaviors were implemented into a fully nonlinear stress resultant shell element. Validation studies compared the planar biaxial extension and three-point bending simulations to the experimental data and demonstrated excellent fidelity. Dynamic simulations of a pericardial bioprosthetic heart valve with the developed shell element model showed significant differences in the deformation characteristics compared to the simulation with an assumed isotropic bending model. The new finite shell element model developed in the present study can also incorporate various types of constitutive models and is expected to help us to understand the complex dynamics of native and bioprosthetic heart valve function in physiological and pathological conditions.     

Simulations of infectious diseases on networks

This paper examines the spread of diseases within populations in the context of networks of potentially disease-causing contacts. We examine the assumptions underlying classical mathematical models of epidemics and how more realistic assumptions can be made using contact networks. Several well-known kinds of contact networks are examined and simulated by evaluating their structural properties relevant to disease propagation. Algorithms used in the study of these networks are explained and numerical simulations of percolation and the epidemic process carried out to explore the effects that the network structure has on disease progression.     

ICU和非ICU病房多重耐药菌检出及耐药性差异

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)和非ICU多重耐药菌(MDRO)的检出情况及耐药性差异。方法分析某院2015年1月—2016年12月住院患者细菌培养标本检出的菌株,目标性监测6种MDRO检出情况,并对ICU和非ICU的6种MDRO检出及耐药情况进行比较。结果目标性监测的6种MDRO共检出1 013株,检出率为13.13%。ICU MDRO检出率为24.60%,高于非ICU的5.47%(P0.001)。检出的6种MDRO中主要为CRAB,占69.40%;不同病原菌中CRAB检出率最高,为55.75%。ICU检出的MDRO以CRAB为主(76.32%),非ICU也以CRAB为主(48.62%);ICU在监测的目标病原菌中MDRO检出率(47.95%)高于非ICU(8.02%),差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。ICU检出的大肠埃希菌对替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、庆大霉素的耐药率均高于非ICU,对哌拉西林的耐药率低于非ICU,差异有统计学意义(均P≤0.05);ICU检出的肺炎克雷伯菌对除哌拉西林外的其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率均高于非ICU(均P0.05)。ICU检出的鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率均高于非ICU(均P0.05)。ICU检出的金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、环丙沙星、四环素、利福平的耐药率高于非ICU(均P0.05),而屎肠球菌对喹奴普丁/达福普汀和四环素的耐药率低于非ICU(均P0.05)。结论 ICU的MDRO检出率高,对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率也高于非ICU,应加强ICU MDRO的监测,制定针对性的预防控制措施。     

肾功能亢进患者万古霉素血药浓度监测与临床疗效分析

目的：调查分析肾功能亢进（augmented renal clearance, ARC）患者使用万古霉素的用药剂量、谷浓度及临床疗效。方法：回顾性研究2013年7月-2017年3月在某院住院期间使用过万古霉素并进行了血药浓度监测的67例ARC患者和142例肾功能正常患者病历资料,比较2组万古霉素给药方案、谷浓度及临床疗效。结果：ARC组与肾功能正常组初始给药的日剂量分别为（2.0±0.3） g和（1.8±0.4） g,具有显著性差异（P=0.041）。ARC组初始给药方案下谷浓度均值（8.3±5.2） mg·L^-1明显低于肾功能正常组的谷浓度均值（14.3±8.4） mg·L^-1,有显著性差异（P=0.000）。ARC患者的初始给药方案谷浓度达标率为20.6%,肾功能正常组为40.1%,具有显著性差异（P=0.007）。ARC组万古霉素的临床总有效率和革兰阳性菌清除率分别为69.1%和67.6%,肾功能正常组为76.7%和81.6%,均无显著性差异（P=0.286;P=0.143）。结论：多数ARC患者初始方案万古霉素用药剂量不足,谷浓度达标率较肾功能正常患者更低。     

万古霉素个体化给药流程的建立及案例分析

目的：建立万古霉素个体化给药流程,并将其应用于临床实践。方法：临床药师依据万古霉素血药浓度监测结果和患者情况,应用建立的流程协助临床制定万古霉素初始给药方案,运用JPKD-vancomycin下的万古霉素群体药动学模型,结合贝叶斯反馈程序解读血药浓度监测结果、推算患者个体化给药剂量、预测调整后给药方案的血药浓度结果,有助于万古霉素个体化给药。结果：万古霉素个体化给药流程应用于万古霉素血药浓度的解读,为临床制定万古霉素个体化给药方案提供依据。结论：建立了万古霉素个体化给药流程,有助于协助临床合理用药,可提高万古霉素临床疗效和减少相关不良反应发生。     

液质联用法测定七宝美髯丸中5种成分的含量

目的：建立UPLC-PDA-MS/MS法同时测定七宝美髯丸中二苯乙烯苷、阿魏酸、金丝桃苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的含量。方法：采用InertSustain^® C₁₈（3.0 mm×100 mm,3.0 μm）色谱柱,甲醇-0.05%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速0.4 mL·min^-1,进样量10 μL;PDA扫描范围：200~400 nm;质谱采用电喷雾离子源（ESI源）,正负离子扫描切换,多重反应监测模式进行定量分析。结果：七宝美髯丸中5种成分在线性范围内峰面积与质量浓度均呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率为99.06%~102.24%,精密度RSD值小于2%。在所设定的色谱条件下,七宝美髯丸中5个成分（二苯乙烯苷、阿魏酸、金丝桃苷、补骨脂素和异补骨脂素）于10 min内完全分离。结论：建立的UPLC-PDA-MS/MS方法快速简便、精密度好、灵敏度高,可用于七宝美髯丸中多种成分的含量测定和质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定伊马替尼及伏立康唑血药浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中伊马替尼及伏立康唑浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:血桨样品经乙酸乙酯-正己烷(75∶25)萃取,选择卡马西平为内标,氮吹浓缩、复溶后采用HPLC分析。ZORBAX SB-C18柱反相柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-醋酸铵缓冲液(25 mmol·L^-1 CH_3COONH_4,CH_3COOH调pH值至4.5)=20∶32∶48(V/V/V),检测波长264 nm,流速为1 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,进样量为20μL。结果:伊马替尼、伏立康唑血药浓度线性范围分别为0.10~5.00μg·mL^-1和0.10~6.00μg·mL^-1,两者的线性均良好(r分别为0.998和0.999),最低定量下限均为0.10μg·mL^-1。伊马替尼和伏立康唑低、中、高质量浓度的提取回收率分别为69.21%,71.23%,73.53%和76.23%,78.12%,79.34%,二者批内RSD均小于15%。结论:该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高可满足同时检测伊马替尼和伏立康唑的临床血药浓度监测及药动学研究。     

伏立康唑血药浓度监测及其影响因素分析

目的：讨论伏立康唑体内血药浓度个体差异大的影响机制,为临床合理使用伏立康唑提供依据。方法：回顾性分析109名使用伏立康唑的患者,分析其CYP2C19基因型,测定血中伏立康唑及其主要代谢物浓度,统计分析性别,年龄,溶媒,CYP2C19基因型、C反应蛋白,药物相互作用对伏立康唑血药浓度的影响,并统计分析使用伏立康唑前后肝酶指标的情况。结果：性别、年龄及临床常用溶媒对伏立康唑血药浓度无显著性影响;不同基因型之间,伏立康唑血药浓度及代谢物浓度之间无显著性差异,代谢率（代谢物浓度与原药浓度比值）有显著性差异;随着C反应蛋白增加,伏立康唑浓度升高,并在<40,40~200、>200组间具有显著性差异。质子泵抑制剂能显著性影响伏立康唑浓度,其他利尿剂、激素对伏立康唑血药浓度无显著性差异。结论：伏立康唑血药浓度受影响因素较多,对于临床重症患者更应该加强血药浓度监测。