Centerpiece钛板内固定在单开门颈椎管扩大成形术中的应用

目的:探讨Centerpiece钛板内固定在单开门颈椎管扩大成形术的临床应用。方法:自2009年1月至2010年12月采用单开门颈椎管扩大成形Centerpiece内固定术治疗颈椎管狭窄症患者25例,男16例,女9例;年龄44～75岁,平均(57.2±6.7)岁。其中多节段脊髓型颈椎病8例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症12例,发育性颈椎管狭窄症5例。以JOA评分(17分法)及其改善率评价术后神经功能改善情况;术后复查颈椎X线、CT,在术前及术后6个月的颈椎侧位X线片上测量C5节段椎管矢状径,计算椎管扩大率,评价椎管扩大和维持情况及门轴侧骨融合情况。结果:手术时间为(165.5±35.6)min;术中出血量为(325.0±75.1)ml。随访时间6～18个月,平均(7.3±3.8)个月。术前JOA评分为9.3±1.1;术后6个月为14.7±2.1(t=4.12,P<0.05),JOA改善率为(64.5±10.2)%。术后随访X线片及CT示椎管扩大满意,门轴侧均骨性愈合,均未见椎板塌陷和再关门现象,术前C5节段椎管矢状径为(9.0±1.5)mm,术后6个月为(14.3±2.0)mm(t=7.61,P<0.05),椎管扩大率为(67.6±11.8)%。结论:Centerpiece钛板内固定应用在单开门颈椎管扩大成形术中是安全有效的,在抬起椎板获得即刻稳定的同时,可以恢复椎管的完整性。     

Unstable Jefferson fractures: Results of transoral osteosynthesis

Background:

Majority of C₁ fractures can be effectively treated conservatively by immobilization or traction unless there is an injury to the transverse ligament. Conservative treatment usually involves a long period of immobilization in a halo-vest. Surgical intervention generally involves fusion, eliminating the motion of the upper cervical spine. We describe the treatment of unstable Jefferson fractures designed to avoid these problems of both conservative and invasive methods.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective review of 12 patients with unstable Jefferson fractures treated with transoral osteosynthesis of C₁ between July 2008 and December 2011 was performed. A steel plate and C₁ lateral mass screw fixation were used to repair the unstable Jefferson fractures. Our study group included eight males and four females with an average age of 33 years (range 23-62 years).

Results:

Patients were followed up for an average of 16 months after surgery. Range of motion of the cervical spine was by and large physiologic: Average flexion 35° (range 28-40°), average extension 42° (range 30-48°). Lateral bending to the right and left averaged 30° and 28° respectively (range 12-36° and 14-32° respectively). The average postoperative rotation of the atlantoaxial joint, evaluated by functional computed tomography scan was 60° (range 35-72°). Total average lateral displacement of the lateral masses was 7.0 mm before surgery (range 5-12 mm), which improved to 3.5 mm after surgery (range 1-6.5 mm). The total average difference of the atlanto-dens interval in flexion and extension after surgery was 1.0 mm (range 1-3 mm).

Conclusions:

Transoral osteosynthesis of the anterior ring using C₁ lateral mass screws is a viable option for treating unstable Jefferson fractures, which allows maintenance of rotation at the C₁-C₂ joint and restoration of congruency of the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints.     

椎弓根螺钉结合伤椎成形与结合伤椎固定治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效比较

目的:比较椎弓根螺钉固定结合伤椎成形与椎弓根固定联合伤椎固定在治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。方法:对2010年8月至2015年8月收治的52例骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折进行回顾性分析,其中采用短节段椎弓根螺钉固定联合伤椎椎体成形术27例(A组),男17例,女10例;年龄54~68(61.01±5.41)岁;新版AO分型,A3型16例,A4型11例。采用短节段椎弓根固定联合伤椎固定25例(B组),男13例,女12例;年龄55~66(59.28±6.12)岁;新版AO分型,A3型18例,A4型7例。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症、临床疗效及影像学参数等。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间12~15(12.4±2.1)个月。两组患者一般资料,包括性别、年龄、损伤部位、术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)、Cobb角、伤椎前缘高度比例差异均无统计学意义。手术时间、术中出血量两组差异无统计学意义。术前、术后1周及末次随访时VAS评分A组分别为5.2±0.5、1.2±0.2、0.8±0.1,B组分别为5.0±0.6、2.5±0.4、1.3±0.2;术前、术后1周及末次随访时伤椎前缘高度比A组分别为(49.4±6.8)%、(94.5±1.2)%、(94.1±3.7)%,B组分别为(48.2±7.0)%、(94.3±4.1)%、(90.0±2.3)%;术前、术后1周及末次随访时Cobb角A组分别为(20.4±5.2)°、(2.5±1.8)°、(4.4±1.7)°,B组分别为(19.8±6.8)°、(2.4±1.7)°、(7.0±1.2)°。两组术前与末次随访上述3项评估结果差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后1周及末次随访时A组的VAS评分均较B组低(P0.05);A组Cobb角和伤椎前缘高度比术后1周与末次随访差异无统计学意义(P0.05);B组Cobb角和伤椎前缘高度比在术后1周与末次随访比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组术后出现1例内固定失败,B组出现4例内固定失败。结论:对骨质疏松性胸腰段椎体爆裂骨折,短节段椎弓根螺钉固定结合伤椎椎体成形比短节段椎弓根固定结合伤椎固定更有利于减少术后疼痛,维持术后伤椎高度和矢状位排列,减少内固定相关并发症,值得推广应用。     

寰枢椎后路切开复位内固定术治疗陈旧性齿突骨折伴C1,2不稳症

目的分析寰枢椎后路切开复位内固定术治疗陈旧性齿突骨折伴C1,2不稳的临床疗效。方法 2008年5月-2012年5月,对32例陈旧性齿突骨折伴C1,2不稳的患者进行寰枢椎后路切开复位内固定术。根据Anderson-D’Alonzo分型,其中Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ型9例。从受伤开始到手术治疗时间为6个月-3年,平均19个月。结果所有患者均行寰枢椎后路切开复位内固定术,术中未伤及椎动脉和脊髓。平均手术时间100 min;术中平均出血量290 mL。患者术后平均随访18个月。在术后8个月随访时,患者骨折端均获得骨性融合,随访中未出现螺钉松动、断钉、移位等情况。寰齿前间距由术前7.5 mm缩小至术后2.8 mm（P〈0.05）。日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分由术前12.5±2.2改善至术后15.4±1.4（P〈0.05）。在末次随访中,3例患者Frankel分级从D级改善为E级。结论寰枢椎后路切开复位内固定术治疗陈旧性齿突骨折合并C1,2不稳是一种安全有效的方法。     

动态稳定系统的生物力学和临床应用进展

动态稳定系统（Dynesys）由Stoll等^[1]在Graf韧带系统的基础上改进设计而成,现已广泛应用于治疗腰椎退行性疾病（LDD）。LDD主要包括腰椎椎间盘突出、继发性腰椎椎管狭窄、退行性椎体滑脱及退行性脊柱侧凸等,当引发严重腰腿部疼痛、神经根压迫等临床症状时往往需要手术治疗。与传统后路腰椎椎间融合术（PLIF）及经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术（TLIF）相比,Dynesys通过椎弓根螺钉连接产生的动态推拉关系在固定节段对抗异常折弯力和剪切力、改善固定节段应力传导的同时保留固定节段活动度（ROM）,进而减少术后邻近节段退行性变（ASD）的发生^[2]。然而,目前关于Dynesys的临床疗效尚存在争议。本文对近年来国内外关于Dynesys的相关研究进行分析,从生物力学、临床应用等方面作如下综述。     

New Sub-Classification of Vancouver B2 Periprosthetic Hip Fractures According to Fracture Pattern

IntroductionThere is currently a debate on whether all Vancouver type B2 (V-B2) periprosthetic hip fractures (PPHF) should be revised. Vancouver classification takes into account fracture location, implant stability and bone stock, but it does not distinguish between fracture patterns. The aim of our work was to study the different fracture patterns of V-B2 PPHF and to analyze if there is any pattern that presents lower osteosynthesis failure rates.Material and methodsAll patients with V-B2 PPHF treated by osteosynthesis between January 2009 and January 2019 were included in the study. Using the Gruen system the proximal femur was divided into 3 zones. The lateral zone (Gruen 1±2±3), medial zone (Gruen 5±6±7), and distal zone (Gruen 4±3±5) were analysed and it was determined whether each of the 3 zones was fractured.Results56 patients were included in the study. Their mean age was 79 years (R 45 - 92). The chosen treatment was: 39 Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 10 Stem revision and 7 nonoperatively treatment. In ORIF group, no implant complications (0/24) were found in patients with a single fractured zone, while 5 implant complications (5/15) were discovered in patients with two or more fractured areas; this difference was significant (p=0.0147). All patients treated by stem revision had a fracture that involved two or more zones. In the nonoperatively group, the fracture pattern did not influence the treatment because of all of them had a very precarious functional and medical situation.ConclusionsV-B2 PPHF treated via ORIF affecting only one zone (medial, lateral, or distal) have a lower risk of complication than those affecting two or more zones. We propose a sub-classification of Vancouver B2 type fractures: B2.1 (1 fractured zone) and B2.2 (≥2 fractured zones).Level of evidenceHistorical cohorts. Level III     

人工颈椎间盘置换术后中期并发症的临床观察

目的:通过总结Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换术后3年的疗效及发现的异位骨化和假体融合情况,探讨其发生率及对策.方法:自2005年12月至2008年12月,对54例单节段症状明显的颈椎病患者(男34例,女20例,年龄39～69岁,平均50.5岁)施行Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换术,随访24～36个月,平均30个月.分别以JOA评分和Odom＇s评分,分析患者的症状和功能改善情况.每3个月定期复查颈椎正侧位片,观察异位骨化和假体融合情况.同时在术前和置换后24个月,摄置换节段前屈后伸位、左右侧屈位X线片,观察置换假体的稳定性,以及置换节段的活动度变化.结果:54例患者疼痛症状和神经功能均得到明显改善,术后24个月JOA评分平均改善率76.1%,置换节段的屈伸运动范围有明显改善.置换后异位骨化和假体融合发生率逐年递增,1年3.7%(2/54),2年16.7%(9/54),最后随访时达22.2%(12/54).结论:人工颈椎间盘置换术后中期疗效优于传统术式.术后异位骨化和融合发生率较高,改良术式、早期功能锻炼可以降低发生率.     

新型寰枢椎后路动态固定系统的生物力学评价

目的测试并评价新型寰枢椎后路动态固定系统的生物力学性能。方法新鲜成人枕颈标本（C0-4）8例,分成4组：完整状态组、寰枢椎不稳状态组、寰枢椎后路动态固定状态组和寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定状态组。通过加载1.50 N·m的力矩,对4组标本C1/C2、C2/C3节段的前屈/后伸,左/右侧弯和左/右旋转等6种运动方式下的运动范围（range of movement,ROM）及稳定性指数（stability index,SI）进行测试。结果采用新型寰枢椎后路动态固定系统后,C1/C2、C2/C3节段的ROM与正常完整标本相比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;而采用常规椎弓根螺钉固定与动态固定法相比,C1/C2、C2/C3节段的ROM差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。采用寰枢椎后路动态固定系统固定与采用后路椎弓根螺钉固定,C1/C2SI均上升,与完整状态组相比差异均有统计学意义,分别为（P〈0.05）和（P〈0.001）。C2/C3测试结果显示,采用动态固定时SI分别上升为109%、107%和112%;而采用椎弓根螺钉固定,三维运动范围SI反而分别下降为77%、71%和87%,比动态固定SI分别低29%、34%和22%,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论新型寰枢椎后路动态固定系统既可维持寰枢椎的部分旋转功能,又可达到坚固固定的稳定性,同时能够有效地减少对邻近节段的影响,具有良好的研究前景。     

寰椎骨折诊断和治疗的争论

寰椎是人体第一颈椎，结构特殊且复杂，与枕骨髁、枢椎形成的枕-寰-枢复合体在颈部活动中起着极为重要的作用。寰椎骨折是指在外力作用下，寰椎出现骨的连续性或不连续性中断，由Cooper^[1]于1822在尸体解剖时发现并首次报道。寰椎骨折较其他骨折少见，占颈椎骨折的10.6%，严重程度变异大、治疗方案选择多及预后结局不一是寰椎骨折的特点^[2-3]。当发生寰椎骨折时，极易出现枕-寰-枢复合体不稳定，骨折脱位后有压迫脊髓的可能，危及生命。近年来，寰椎骨折相关研究取得了明显的进展，但仍缺乏一种被广泛接受的完整体系来指导临床决策、评估预后。目前，关于寰椎骨折的诊断和治疗存在诸多争论，主要集中在分型的应用、稳定性的判断和治疗方式的选择。本文通过查阅寰椎骨折相关文献，对存在的争论进行梳理，以期为后续研究提供参考。