Welfare Reform and Nutrition Programs: Contemporary Budget and Policy Realities

This paper reviews the impact of the major policy reforms being considered by Congress and the Administration on the food assistance and nutrition programs. Evidence on the nutritional effectiveness of WIC, the Food Stamp Program, and School Meals is summarized; the implications of the current set of block grant proposals on nutrition standards, economic responsiveness of the programs, eligibility and benefits, and funding are reviewed and discussed. The final section discusses policy reforms that have the potential to enhance the cost effectiveness of the major nutrition programs.     

益肺清化膏对荷瘤小鼠瘤组织CD44、CD44v6、E-cad等mRNA表达水平的影响

目的：观察益肺清化膏对肺癌侵袭转移过程中粘附分子E-cad、CD44、CD44v6等mRNA表达水平的影响,以深入探讨该药的作用机制。方法：以RT-PCR检测用药后荷瘤小鼠体内移植的Lewis肿瘤细胞表达E-cad、CD44、CD44v6的情况。实验动物为C57BL/6j小鼠,随机分为高、低剂量中药两组、CTX组对照及空白对照组4组。每只小鼠均右侧腋窝皮下接种Lewis肺癌细胞匀浆液0.2ml/鼠。第2天开始灌胃给药,连续15d,CTX腹腔注射给药。每2d测小鼠体重,第21天颈椎脱臼处死动物,结束实验。留取瘤组织处理后行RT-PCR检查,以观察益肺清化膏对肺癌侵袭转移过程中粘附分子E-cad、CD44、CD44V6相应基因mRNA表达的影响。结果：E-cad的表达水平以高剂量中药组为首,其表达与对照组的表达水平存在非常显著的差异（P〈0.01）,与CTX组比较存在显著的差异（P〈0.05）。CD44的表达水平高、低剂量中药组均呈低表达状态,其表达与对照组的表达水平存在显著的差异（P〈0.05）,与CTX组比较也存在着显著的差异（P〈0.05）。CD44v6的表达水平与CD44的表达类似,高、低剂量中药组均呈低表达状态,高剂量中药组的表达与对照组的表达水平存在非常显著的差异（P〈0.01）;不同于前者的是,CTX组表达状态4组中最低,与对照组的表达水平间存在非常显著的差异（P〈0.01）;且低剂量中药组与CTX组的表达水平比较也存在着显著的差异（P〈0.05）。结论：实验证实益肺清化膏具有抑制肿瘤生长以及拮抗肿瘤转移的作用。其抗肿瘤作用的机制,考虑与提高E-cad的表达水平,从而增加肿瘤细胞间的粘附能力,降低肿瘤细胞脱落进入周围组织和血管的几率;同时,益肺清化膏尚可以降低CD44、CD44v6的表达水平,可能通过减弱肿瘤细胞与血管内皮和ECM间的异质粘附,降低肿瘤向基质侵袭,影响肿瘤细胞的迁移和运动能力,或可能通过影响癌细胞的骨架构象和分布,从而影响癌细胞的运动能力来发挥抗肿瘤的目标的。     

糖尿病肾病的中医药研究进展

目的：探讨糖尿病肾病中医药近年的研究进展情况。方法：查阅近年文献,从病因病机、辨证论治、中药提取、中药注射液等多方面对糖尿病肾病的治疗现状进行了相关论述。结果与结论：糖尿病肾病是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,也是糖尿病患者致残与死亡的重要因素之一,中医药在改善临床症状、降低蛋白尿、延缓肾功能恶化等方面具有很大的优势。     

HIV/AIDS生存质量量表（HIV/AIDSQOL-46）

目的：发布具有中国文化背景的,有中医特色的HIV/AIDS生存质量量表（HIV/AIDSQOL-46）,用来评价HIV感染者和AIDS患者的生存质量状况。方法：采用国际通行的生存质量量表研究方法,并经过效度、信度和反应度检验,形成HIV/AIDS生存质量量表（HIV/AIDSQOL-46）。结果：HIV/AIDS生存质量量表（HIV/AIDSQOL-46）包含身体状态、心理状态、社会状态和一般性感觉等4个维度共计46个题目。结论：HIV/AIDS生存质量量表（HIV/AIDSQOL-46）是以中国文化为背景,有中医特色的,具有较好信度、效度和反应度的艾滋病生存质量量表。     

全蝎蛋白药效组分对Bel7402肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究全蝎(Scorpio)蛋白药效组分对Bel7402肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响,为建立全蝎与临床疗效对应的生物效应质量评价方法奠定基础。方法:蛋白质提取和冷冻干燥的方法获得全蝎蛋白药效组分,采用改良MTT法、流式细胞法研究全蝎蛋白药效组分对Bel7402细胞毒和细胞周期抑制的作用。结果:抑制癌细胞生长的浓度大于或等于37 g.L-1,剂量与效应呈正比,相关系数为0.912 5,IC50为241 g.L-1,显效时间0～48 h;全蝎蛋白药效组分浓度大于或等于9.25 g.L-1时,能显著提高Bel7402细胞的凋亡率。结论:全蝎蛋白药效组分具有促进Bel7402细胞凋亡、抑制增殖的作用,其生物效应指标为:9.25～175 g.L-1,可作为全蝎生物效应质量评价的指标之一。     

Photolysis of the BODIPY dye activated by pillar[5]arene

Here, a pseudo[3]rotaxane comprising a fluorescent BODIPY derivative and pillar[5]arene was conveniently fabricated via host–guest complexation. Importantly, in this system, the efficient photodecomposition of the BODIPY derivative in the presence of pillar[5]arene was witnessed upon irradiation at 311 nm light, which was demonstrated via UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, NMR and HR-MS spectroscopy techniques, but the only BODIPY dye in the absence of pillar[5]arene couldn''t undergo photodegradation. We demonstrated that pillar[5]arene could act as an activator to trigger the photodegradation reaction of BODIPY derivatives via free radical reactions even without supramolecular interactions. The present results provide a new strategy for the efficient photolysis of organic dyes.

Here, a pseudo[3]rotaxane comprising a fluorescent BODIPY derivative and pillar[5]arene was conveniently fabricated via host–guest complexation.

Superfluous organic dyes are one of the most serious contamination sources that are discharged at will, which is a cause for concern. The efficient elimination of organic dyes is a hugely challenging problem that needs and remains to be solved. Most approaches, such as membrane separation,¹ activated carbon adsorption,² ion exchange on synthetic adsorbent resins³ and coagulation by chemical agents,⁴ were adopted to dispose of the organic dye pollution. However, these superfluous organic dyes cannot be thoroughly degraded via these conventional methods. Light is considered one of the most desirable stimuli because of its non-invasiveness, easy controllability, low cost, and ubiquity.⁵ Owing to the above-mentioned advantages, light is often utilized as an effective strategy to manage responsive materials, which have been applied in numerous research fields, such as separation technology,⁶ photolithography,⁷ photocontrolled singlet oxygen generation,⁸ optical memory storage,⁹ and photomodulated control-release of anions.¹⁰ Among numerous stimuli-responsive systems, photolyzable matrices that can irreversibly decompose after irradiation have aroused wide research interests in the design and construction of photodegradable materials, controlled drug release systems and tissue engineering systems.¹¹ The supramolecular method was alternatively used to develop photodegradable materials.¹² Recently, Liu et al. developed a photoresponsive amphiphilic supramolecular assembly that achieved efficient photolysis of anthracene derivatives via calixarene-induced aggregation.¹³ Subsequently, they employed several multi-charged macrocycles such as water-soluble cyclodextrins, calixarenes, crown ethers and cucurbiturils as platforms for the rapid and broad spectral photodecomposition of aromatic dyes.¹⁴ Although there are a few reports on the construction of photodegradable supramolecular assemblies, the fabrication of photoresponsive supramolecular systems equipped with photolysis remains highly unexplored. Consequently, it is still necessary to develop novel high-efficiency photolyzable supramolecular materials. Pillararenes (particularly pillar[5]arene and pillar[6]arene), as a new type of supramolecular macrocycles, have been used as a host to construct photodegradable materials.¹⁵ For instance, Wang et al. prepared a bola-type supra-amphiphilic photoresponsive supramolecular material based on water-soluble pillar[5]arene, achieving the photodecomposition of the 9,10-dialkoxyanthracene group.¹⁶Due to excellent photophysical and photochemical properties such as good photostability and fluorescence quantum yield,¹⁷ BODIPY dyes have been generally applied in bioimaging and fluorescent sensing,¹⁸ photodynamic therapy,¹⁹ advanced optical materials,²⁰etc. However, the elimination of surplus and used BODIPY dyes and other fluorescent dyes has gradually become a major issue to be addressed due to use and waste of large amounts of organic dyes applied in living matter. Furthermore, some BODIPY derivatives have high cytotoxicity.²¹ Consequently, it is crucial to seek a simple and effective method for dealing with excess and useless organic pollutants. Herein, to the best of our knowledge, we first put forward a new way for the efficient photolysis of BODIPY dyes via free radical reaction triggered by P5.The BODIPY dye G-BODIPY and pillar[5]arene (P5) acted as the guest and host, respectively. Their synthetic routes were prepared by simple steps, as shown in Scheme 1. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (1) reacted with propargyl bromide to obtain compound (2). Subsequently, the reaction of (2) and pyrrole catalyzed by TFA produced substance (3). Then, (3) encountered with DDQ, Et₃N and BF₃·OEt₂ in succession to give compound (4). Finally, the click reaction of (4) and (5) by the catalyzation of CuSO₄·5H₂O and sodium ascorbate prepared G-BODIPY. Macrocyclic host P5 was synthesized by 1,4-dimethoxybenzene by the catalyzation of FeCl₃.Open in a separate windowScheme 1The synthesis route of G-BODIPY and P5.It is well-known that a strong binding ability (K_a = 1.2 × 10⁴ M⁻¹) exists between P5 and the neutral guests bearing two or three short alkyl chains with a triazole site and a cyano site at either end in chloroform.²² Therefore, we speculated that G-BODIPY would assemble with P5 by an equivalent proportion of 1 : 2 (guest/host) and strong complexation. As displayed in Fig. S5,^† an NMR titration experiment was performed. From the NMR titration spectroscopy, an apparent upfield shift of the resonance for methylene in the guest (H_a–d) was observed, and their integral areas remained unchanged with the continuous addition of 2 equiv. P5, indicating the 2 : 1 host–guest binding stoichiometry. The complex stability constant (K_S) was determined as 5.66 × 10⁶ M⁻² using the ¹H NMR single point method (see Fig. S5 and computational method in ESI^†). Clearly, the assembled model of G-BODIPY and P5 are manifested in Scheme 2. The corresponding proof was provided by the ¹H NMR spectroscopic contrast, indicating the apparent upfield shift for the resonance of methylene (H_a–d) of the guest, which implies the occurrence of an assembling behavior and the formation of a new supramolecular assembly G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ (Fig. 1). Furthermore, as shown in Fig. S6 and S7,^† the absorbance (at 504 nm) and fluorescence intensity (at 517 nm) of G-BODIPY increased slightly with the addition of P5, implying the formation of the host-guest complex G-BODIPY⊂P5₂. Therefore, G-BODIPY and P5 self-assembled to a [3]pseudorotaxane G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ in chloroform (Scheme 2).Open in a separate windowScheme 2Schematic illustration of formation pattern of assembly G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ and photolysis of the BODIPY guest induced by P5.Open in a separate windowFig. 1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) spectra of (a) P5, (b) assembly G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ and (c) guest G-BODIPY. [P5] = 2[G-BODIPY] = 6 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹.To our surprise, as illustrated in Fig. 2a, when the sample containing G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ was irradiated using 311 nm light, the absorbance at 295 nm and 503 nm (assigned to BODIPY unit) significantly declined by 83% (503 nm) with four isosbestic points at 286 nm, 308 nm, 458 nm and 518 nm, respectively, implying that the BODIPY unit of G-BODIPY was dramatically destroyed. The photochemical quantum yield (311 nm light irradiation) of the pseudo[3]rotaxane was determined to be 0.34, and the test method was added in the ESI.^† However, in the control experiment, only the guest G-BODIPY expressed no obvious change under the same condition, indicating that its structure exhibited invariability upon irradiation at 311 nm. Furthermore, we selected p-phenyl dimethyl ether (PDME), which is 5 equivalents to the host (P5), to evaluate photodegradation performance. As shown in Fig. 2c, the absorbance of G-BODIPY/PDME at 503 nm decreased by only 43%, suggesting that PDME also influenced the photodegradation of the guest to some extent but unsatisfactory. More visually, the variation curve of the absorbance at 503 nm belonged to the BODIPY skeleton over irradiation time at 311 nm light for only G-BODIPY, G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ and G-BODIPY/PDME, as presented in Fig. 2d. Moreover, the color change of the samples containing G-BODIPY, G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ and G-BODIPY/PDME in the above irradiation process is visually shown in Fig. 2b, a and ​and2c2c (inset), which reveal that the sample containing G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ turned from yellow to almost colorless, while the others did not display a wide variation. The aforementioned investigation clearly illustrated that the intervention of P5 caused the best photolysis efficiency of G-BODIPY.Open in a separate windowFig. 2(a) The variation of UV-Vis absorption spectra of G-BODIPY with P5 upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. (b) The variation of the UV-Vis absorption spectra of G-BODIPY upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. (c) The variation of UV-Vis absorption spectra of G-BODIPY with 10 eq. PDME upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. (d) The variation of absorbance of G-BODIPY, G-BODIPY with 10 eq. PDME and G-BODIPY with P5 at 503 nm upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. [G-BODIPY] = 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹.In addition, we employed a fluorescence spectrometer to confirm if P5 played a vital role in the photolysis of G-BODIPY. As expected, the fluorescence of G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ at 516 nm was quenched by 77%, which was consistent with the absorbance change (Fig. 3a). Intuitively, strong green fluorescence turned out to be very weak and nearly invisible to our eyes in the irradiation process (Fig. 3a, inset). On the contrary, no apparent variation of only G-BODIPY was observed in the fluorescence spectrum upon irradiation at 311 nm (Fig. 3b). Meanwhile, no fluorescent color and intensity changes were observed from photographs before and after irradiation (Fig. 3b, inset). Moreover, with regards to BODIPY/PDME, approximately 51% of fluorescence intensity was decreased, and its photodegradation efficiency was inferior to that of G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ (Fig. 3c). More visually, G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ manifested the highest fluorescence quenching efficiency (Fig. 3d), suggesting that P5 induced high-efficiency photolysis of the BODIPY dye.Open in a separate windowFig. 3(a) The variation of the fluorescence spectra of G-BODIPY with P5 upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. (b) The variation of the fluorescence spectra of G-BODIPY upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. (c) The variation of the fluorescence spectra of G-BODIPY with 10 eq. PDME upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. (d) The variation of the fluorescence intensity of G-BODIPY, G-BODIPY with 10 eq. PDME and G-BODIPY with P5 at 516 nm upon continuous irradiation of 311 nm. [G-BODIPY] = 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹; excitation at 480 nm; slit = 1, 2.5.Subsequently, to further verify the aforementioned consequence, we performed an NMR irradiation experiment for the sample containing G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ in CDCl₃. As shown in Fig. S8,^† the resonance of the protons on the BODIPY group (H_k) in the assembly gradually disappeared with irradiation at 311 nm light for 3 h, indicating that the BODIPY group in G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ was almost completely damaged. In addition, we measured the HR-MS spectra of P5 and G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ before and after the irradiation of 311 nm. As shown in Fig. S9–S12,^† the HR-MS spectra of P5 and G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ after irradiation showed the peaks at 768.3761 (assigned to P5 + NH₄⁺) and 681.3404 (belonged to G-BODIPY) both thoroughly disappeared and only some small molecular weight peaks were observed, revealing that P5 and G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ were both broken into pieces. In contrast, when the sample containing only G-BODIPY was irradiated by 311 nm light, the resonance of the protons on the BODIPY group in the guest did not manifest any change (Fig. S13^†). In addition, we conducted photoirradiation experiments of P5 and PDMEvia UV-Vis absorption spectra upon irradiation at 311 nm, showing that photodecomposition reactions of P5 and PDME occurred (Fig. S14 and S15^†).From the aforementioned investigation, the photolysis of G-BODIPY was efficiently activated by P5. We presumed that the three investigated manners of degradation were as follow: (a) energy transfer (as shown in Fig. S16,^†P5 and PDME with a specific absorbance at 311 nm can absorb 311 nm UV light into the solution containing G-BODIPY and deliver the absorbed light energy to G-BODIPY), (b) reactive oxygen species (photoreaction of P5 and PDME caused by reactive oxygen species further triggered the photodecomposition of G-BODIPY), and (c) free radical species (photoreaction of P5 and PDME caused by the free radical-activated photolysis of G-BODIPY). To clarify the credible manner, we subsequently performed a series of control experiments. As displayed in Fig. S17^†, we directly employed a 500 nm wavelength light (which could also generate heat) on free G-BODIPY and complex G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ through the variation of UV-Vis absorption and emission spectra, and no changes were observed. The results implied that the degradation reaction was not caused by heat. Furthermore, the spectral overlap of UV-Vis absorption of G-BODIPY and fluorescence emission of P5 (Fig. S18^†) were performed and displayed almost very little degree of overlap (Fig. S19^†). Thus, we could rule out the photolysis of the BODIPY dye caused by energy transfer from P5 to G-BODIPY. Subsequently, we also investigated the photoirradiation experiments of P5 and G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The manifested results in the photoreactions mentioned above were not photooxidation reactions caused by oxygen (Fig. S20 and S21^†). Then, we speculated that the photoreaction of P5 caused by free radicals upon irradiation at 311 nm light could further trigger the photodecomposition reaction of G-BODIPY. To verify our speculation, we selected TEMPO as a free radical scavenger to perform some control experiments. As displayed in Fig. S22b,^† the absorption spectrum of G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ in the presence of TEMPO showed no apparent change in comparison to that of G-BODIPY⊂P5₂ in the absence of TEMPO (Fig. S22a^†) upon irradiation at 311 nm light. Furthermore, a striking contrast for the absorbance variation of the pseudo[3]rotaxane at 503 nm in the presence and absence of TEMPO is presented in Fig. S22c.^† Therefore, the above investigations demonstrated that photoreaction of P5 caused by free radicals further triggered photodecomposition of G-BODIPY upon irradiation at 311 nm light. In the control experiments, we selected compound (4) that lacked the valeronitrile binding site to investigate its photoirradiation experiments in the presence and absence of P5 using UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. As shown in Fig. S23 and S24,^† the photolysis of compound (4) in the presence of P5 without the host–guest complexation was also achieved upon irradiation at 311 nm light, which further implied that these photodecomposition reactions were caused by free radicals and not related to supramolecular interactions.     

中医五行情绪干预联合核心肌力练习对腰椎间盘突出症患者腰椎功能及自我感受负担的影响

目的探讨中医五行情绪干预联合核心肌力练习对腰椎间盘突出症患者腰椎功能及自我感受负担的影响。方法将80例腰椎间盘突出症患者按建档顺序分为两组,各40例。对照组采取常规护理及康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上采取五行情绪干预联合核心肌力练习。干预前后采用日本骨科学会评分系统、Oswestry腰椎功能障碍指数评定腰椎功能,焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评定不良情绪,视觉模拟评分法评定疼痛程度,单桥耐力试验评定核心稳定性,自我感受负担量表评定自我感受负担;干预后评定下肢放射痛、腰椎活动改善情况,统计两组干预满意度。结果干预后观察组焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、视觉模拟评分法评分、Oswestry腰椎功能障碍指数、自我感受负担量表评分显著低于对照组(P<0.01),日本骨科学会评分系统评分及干预满意率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),下肢放射痛、腰椎活动改善情况显著优于对照组(P<0.05),单桥耐力试验时间显著长于对照组(P<0.01)。结论五行情绪干预联合核心肌力练习能有效改善腰椎间盘突出症患者的不良情绪,增强核心稳定性及腰椎功能,降低自我感受负担,提高干预满意度。