深圳市学龄儿童接种流感疫苗对缺课预防效果的实证研究

目的 评估深圳市采用入校接种方式以及学龄儿童流感疫苗接种率高低对缺课的影响。方法 以深圳市小学学龄儿童为研究对象,利用2017年12月至2020年6月深圳市286所小学缺课数据以及学龄儿童流感疫苗接种政策实施后深圳市9个区疫苗接种率和组织方式（入校接种与非入校接种）数据,以缺课人数作为被解释变量,分别以组织方式和区接种率作为分组变量,构建双重差分模型,采用泊松回归进行分析,并对回归结果进行稳健性检验。结果 相比于非入校接种和低接种率,入校接种和高接种率可有效降低缺课的发生风险,对缺课的预防效果分别为32.6%（95%CI： 17.0%~45.3%,P<0.01）和53.0%（95%CI：42.1%~61.8%,P<0.01）。结论 深圳市实施学龄儿童流感疫苗免费接种政策并优先采用入校接种的方式,可有效降低学生缺课的发生风险。     

A nationwide post-marketing survey of knowledge,attitude and practice toward human papillomavirus vaccine in general population: Implications for vaccine roll-out in mainland China

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been increasingly discussed in mainland China since its first approval in 2016. To date, nearly all studies assessing HPV vaccine perceptions and attitudes were implemented during pre-licensure period. Therefore, the nationwide post-marketing survey was conducted to update knowledge, attitudes and practice on HPV vaccine among general population in mainland China.MethodsParticipants aged 18–45 years living in mainland China were recruited in April 2019 by multi-stage non-randomized sampling. Sociodemographic factors, HPV and HPV vaccine related awareness, knowledge, attitudes, vaccine uptake and potential obstacles were assessed in questionnaires. Bivariate analysis and multivariate regression were used to identify disparity among subgroups with different sociodemographic characteristics.Results4,000 women (32.1 ± 7.81y) and 1,000 men (31.8 ± 7.96y) were included in final analysis. Less than one third of participants had heard of HPV (female: 31%; male: 22%) and HPV vaccine (female: 34%; male: 23%). Knowledge score was also unfavorable on HPV (female: 3 out of 13; male: 1.8 out of 13) and HPV vaccine (female: 3 out of 6; male: 2 out of 5). Only 3% females had been vaccinated three years after HPV licensure in China, although willingness to get vaccinated among those unvaccinated were high (mean willingness score ± SD: female: 3.3 ± 0.97; male: 3.0 ± 0.98). Industry of employment and household income were the major factors related to awareness and knowledge of vaccine, whereas HPV and HPV vaccine awareness were key influential factors for willingness. The main obstacles of vaccination were safety concerns, lack of knowledge, and high price of HPV vaccines.ConclusionsFindings highlight a lack of vaccine awareness, knowledge, and poor uptake in mainland China and underscore the necessity of health education campaigns. The identified priority groups, contents to be delivered and practical obstacles could furthermore provide insight into health education to reduce disparities and accelerate HPV vaccine roll-out in China.     

人体血清二噁英化合物检测方法的建立

目的建立人体血清二噁英(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans,PCDD/Fs)化合物测定方法,为开展二噁英人体健康风险评估提供检测技术手段。方法基于国际二噁英的测定方法—同位素稀释的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法,血清样品经C18柱固相萃取、酸性硅胶柱和活性炭柱净化的前处理方法,用DB-5MS毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)分离,高分辨质谱检测分析。结果本方法的检出限为0.35~3.26 pg/g脂肪计,采用血清国际标准参考物质(SRM 1958)进行方法验证,与SRM 1958给出的参考质量分数值范围对比,17个PCDD/Fs单体浓度测定值均在参考质量分数值范围内,相对标准偏差为2%~19%(n=3)。该方法进一步应用于实际人体血清分析,同位素标记的17个二噁英单体回收率为61%~135%。结论本方法灵敏度和准确度高、方法性能稳定,满足人体血清二噁英检测方法的要求。     

深圳市3~5岁儿童龋病流行现状及影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市学龄前儿童口腔健康水平,为制定学龄前儿童口腔健康策略和开展口腔健康促进提供依据。方法于2018年10月30日—11月23日,在深圳市采用多阶段分层等容随机抽样方法选取1834名3~5岁学龄前儿童为研究对象,按照第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案牙列检查方法和标准,检查全口乳牙牙冠龋,并采用与儿童家长面对面访谈的形式进行口腔健康问卷调查。结果深圳市3、4、5岁儿童乳牙患龋率分别为47.54%、58.77%、72.3%,龋均分别为2.06、3.27、4.52,龋齿充填率依次为2.67%、6.09%、15.02%。经济水平较好地区4岁和5岁儿童乳牙龋均低于经济较差儿童,差异有统计学意义(t=2.76,P=0.01;t=3.36,P=0.001),其余各年龄组儿童不同性别及经济水平间患龋率和龋均差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析表明,年龄、地区经济水平、糖摄入频率和睡前甜点食用与学龄前儿童乳牙龋病有相关性(P<0.05)。结论深圳市3~5岁学龄前儿童乳牙患龋情况较为严重,应重视学龄前儿童乳牙龋病防治,强化干预措施。     

深圳市2起人感染猪链球菌病疫情的流行病学调查

目的查明我市2起人感染猪链球菌病的感染途径和流行特征，为制定预防控制措施提供依据。方法开展流行病学调查，采集脑脊液标本，用血平板进行细菌培养、分离，用PCR鉴定。结果患者手部有外伤且有生猪肉接触史，临床上潜伏期短，病程进展迅速，均为脑膜炎型。患者脑脊液中分离的细菌经生化和PCR检测结果为猪链球菌Ⅱ型。病人经过及时抢救均脱离了危险。结论2起疫情为散发疫情，相互间无流行病学联系。传播途径为接触被猪链球菌污染的生猪肉经破损皮肤而传染。应加强卫生知识宣传和教育，提高肉食品加工人员的自我保护能力，同时要提高医务人员的诊治水平。     

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a neurovirulent Zika virus isolated from Cambodia in 2019

The geographic range of Zika virus (ZIKV) has expanded from Asia to the Americas, leading to the 2015–2016 pandemic with enhanced neurovirulence. At present, ZIKV is continuously circulating in many Southeast Asian countries. Unfortunately, the persistent evolution of ZIKV in Southeast Asia and its influence on the biological characteristics of the virus remain incompletely understood. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo properties of a new ZIKV isolate obtained from Cambodia in 2019 (CAM/2019) were characterized and compared with those of the Cambodian strain (CAM/2010). Compared with CAM/2010, the CAM/2019 virus showed similar plaque morphology and growth curves in cell cultures and induced comparable viremia and organ viral loads profiles in both BALB/c and A129 (IFNAR1^−/−) mice upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation. Remarkably, the CAM/2019 virus exhibited enhanced neurovirulence in neonatal mice compared with CAM/2010, with a 74-fold reduction in the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀). Consistently, CAM/2019 produced higher viral loads in the brains of BALB/c neonatal mice than CAM/2010 did. Sequence alignment showed that the CAM/2019 virus has acquired 12 amino acid substitutions, several of which were found to be associated with neurovirulence. In particular, the CAM/2019 virus shared an A1204T substitution in NS2A with the Thai isolate SI-BKK02 that was isolated from a microcephaly case. Taken together, our results indicate that a ZIKV strain isolated with specific mutations has emerged in Cambodia, highlighting the need for extensive molecular and disease surveillance in Cambodia and other Asian countries.     

The acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen self-testing: A cross-sectional study in China

Compared with the nucleic acid amplification test (NATT), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapid antigen self-testing (RAST) has advantages in speed and convenience. However, little is known about people's acceptance and influencing factors for SARS-CoV-2 RAST. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 21 to 30, 2022 in China. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify the influencing factors. The structural equation model was used to test the extended protective motivation theory (PMT) model hypotheses. Among the total of 5107 participants, 62.5% were willing to accept the SARS-CoV-2 RAST. There were significant differences in acceptance among different residences (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), monthly income (p < 0.001), travel frequency (p < 0.05), and feelings about NATT (p < 0.001). Response efficacy (β = 0.05; p = 0.025) and self-efficacy (β = 0.84; p < 0.001) had a positive effect, while response cost showed a negative effect (β = −0.07; p < 0.001). The public's major concerns about SARS-CoV-2 RAST are its reliability, testing method, price, and authority. Overall, a moderate intention to use SARS-CoV-2 RAST was found among the Chinese population. The extended PMT can be used for the prediction of intention to accept the RAST. We need to take measures to increase people's acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 RAST.     

Mendelian randomization suggests a potential causal effect of eosinophil count on influenza vaccination responsiveness

Currently, the clinical factors affecting immune responses to influenza vaccines have not been systematically explored. The mechanism of low responsiveness to influenza vaccination (LRIV) is complicated and not thoroughly elucidated. Thus, we integrate our in-house genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis result of LRIV (N = 111, Ncase [Low Responders] = 34, Ncontrol [Responders] = 77) with the GWAS summary of 10 blood-based biomarkers (sample size ranging from 62 076−108 794) deposited in BioBank Japan (BBJ) to comprehensively explore the shared genetics between LRIV and blood-based biomarkers to investigate the causal relationships between blood-based biomarkers and LRIV by Mendelian randomization (MR). The applications of four MR approaches (inverse-variance-weighted [IVW], weighted median, weighted mode, and generalized summary-data-based MR [GSMR]) suggested that the genetically instrumented LRIV was associated with decreased eosinophil count (β = −5.517 to −4.422, p = 0.004−0.039). Finally, we conclude that the low level of eosinophil count is a suggestive risk factor for LRIV.     

妇幼保健人员艾滋病知识态度调查

目的 :了解深圳市妇幼保健人员艾滋病的知识了解情况 ,为进一步做好预防与控制艾滋病及培训工作提供依据。方法 :随机选择 4家医院妇幼保健医务人员进行问卷调查。结果 :(1)调查对象对安全套 ,共用注射针头及输血与艾滋病传播的关系等回答正确率较高 ,而对蚊虫叮咬、母婴传播等问题回答正确率较低。 (2 )相当部分医务人员对 HIV感染者不愿意提供医疗服务。结论 :妇幼保健人员的艾滋病知识不足 ,迫切需要进一步的专业培训 ,同时要宣传对 HIV感染者 (病人 )的关怀政策     

生活污水浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群浓度的关系

目的：了解污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度与CODcr(化学耗氧量)、BOD5(生化需氧量)及粪大肠菌群浓度之间的关系。方法：于污水净化处理前后，分别取水样测定水中浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度，并将相同水样测得的浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度配对作相关分析。结果：污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度高时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也高，当水中浑浊度低时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也低，浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群之间存在着密切的正相关。结论：污水净化处理过程中可以通过测定水中浑浊度的高低来间接反映污水净化处理的效果。浑浊度测定方法简单，易于操作，适合于基层单位评价水质净化处理效果。