Determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken feces – A new liquid–liquid extraction method combined with LC–MS/MS

The application of antibiotics including fluoroquinolones to farming animals is widespread and may lead to the development of antibiotic resistance and other environmental effects. To calculate environmental loads and for a proper risk assessment it is necessary to determine the antibiotic concentration in feces. Therefore, a new liquid–liquid extraction method combined with HPLC–MS/MS for the detection of marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and difloxacin in chicken feces was developed. Recoveries ranged from 51.0% to 83.5%. LOQs were between 0.10 and 1.09 μg/kg. Feces of chickens treated with an enrofloxacin dosage of 10 mg/kg bodyweight revealed maximum enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations of 61.3 and 18.8 mg/kg. Both antibiotics could be detected in feces up to two days after the last application in notable amounts (∼1 mg/kg). Thus, feces of recently medicated chickens should not be used as a fertilizer without any further processing.     

Vaxvec: The first web-based recombinant vaccine vector database and its data analysis

A recombinant vector vaccine uses an attenuated virus, bacterium, or parasite as the carrier to express a heterologous antigen(s). Many recombinant vaccine vectors and related vaccines have been developed and extensively investigated. To compare and better understand recombinant vectors and vaccines, we have generated Vaxvec (http://www.violinet.org/vaxvec), the first web-based database that stores various recombinant vaccine vectors and those experimentally verified vaccines that use these vectors. Vaxvec has now included 59 vaccine vectors that have been used in 196 recombinant vector vaccines against 66 pathogens and cancers. These vectors are classified to 41 viral vectors, 15 bacterial vectors, 1 parasitic vector, and 1 fungal vector. The most commonly used viral vaccine vectors are double-stranded DNA viruses, including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and poxviruses. For example, Vaxvec includes 63 poxvirus-based recombinant vaccines for over 20 pathogens and cancers. Vaxvec collects 30 recombinant vector influenza vaccines that use 17 recombinant vectors and were experimentally tested in 7 animal models. In addition, over 60 protective antigens used in recombinant vector vaccines are annotated and analyzed. User-friendly web-interfaces are available for querying various data in Vaxvec. To support data exchange, the information of vaccine vectors, vaccines, and related information is stored in the Vaccine Ontology (VO). Vaxvec is a timely and vital source of vaccine vector database and facilitates efficient vaccine vector research and development.     

Impact of serum uric acid on subclinical myocardial injury in general population

Background and aimsHyperuricemia is widely thought as a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality; however, the relation of serum uric acid (sUA) and subclinical myocardial injury (SCeMI) remains unclear. We hypothesize that sUA is associated with subclinical myocardial injury.Methods and resultsA total of 5880 adult individuals (57.9 ± 13.0 years, 54.23% women) without known cardiovascular disease from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III were included. Determined by Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) from 12-lead electrocardiogram, SCeMI was defined by CIIS ≥10 units. The relationship between sUA and SCeMI was analyzed by using logistic regression models and the smooth curve fitting. Subgroup analyses were conducted. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the smooth curve fitting revealed a non-linear relationship between sUA level and SCeMI. When sUA was above the inflection point 266.5 μmol/L, each 100 unit increase in sUA increase the risk of SCeMI by 15%. In women group, when sUA>340.3 μmol/L, each 100 unit increase in sUA increase the risk of SCeMI by 71%, but no significant correlation was observed in men group.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that sUA is an independent risk factor for subclinical myocardial injury after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and existence of such an association in women only, which require more random control trials to confirm the strategy of cardiovascular disease prevention based on sUA reduction in female.     

阻断血吸虫病传播策略与措施专家共识

2015年全国达到血吸虫病传播控制标准后,进入以全面阻断血吸虫病传播为新目标、开展监测预警为主要干预措施的新时期。“十三五”时期,四川、江苏、云南、湖北等4个血吸虫病防治重点省份先后达到血吸虫病传播阻断标准或通过国家血吸虫病传播阻断技术评估,我国血吸虫病疫情处于历史最低水平,流行程度进一步降低,《“十三五”全国血吸虫病防治规划》既定目标基本实现。但日本血吸虫唯一中间宿主钉螺依然广泛存在且孳生环境复杂、血吸虫病传染源种类多且牛羊等主要传染源管控困难、现有防治技术与当前防治需求不相适应、防治成果基础不牢等是我国血吸虫病消除进程中面临的主要困难和挑战。“十四五”时期是巩固我国血吸虫病防治成果、逐步解决上述困难的重要时期,也是为实现消除血吸虫病最终目标奠定基础的关键阶段。我们在认真总结前期血吸虫病防治经验和当前面临挑战基础上,遵循依法防治、科学防治和精准防治原则,就《“十四五”全国血吸虫病防治规划》中防治目标、防治策略、防治措施等方面达成专家共识,旨在为制定《“十四五”全国血吸虫病防治规划》提供参考,更好地发挥该规划对现场防治工作的政策指导和引领作用。     

2018年江西省慢性丝虫病患者现况调查

目的　掌握江西省现存慢性丝虫病患者情况,为今后加强患者关怀照料工作提供依据。方法　2018年对江西省原丝虫病流行区的在册慢性丝虫病患者进行个案随访调查,并通过线索调查搜索遗漏患者,对各流行区慢性丝虫病患者关怀照料工作进行调查。结果　2018年,江西省尚存慢性丝虫病患者802例,分布在56个县（市、区）。患者男女性别比为1∶1,85.41%为70岁以上者;有淋巴管/结炎、淋巴水肿或象皮肿、乳糜尿、鞘膜积液等症状者分别占58.60%、93.89%、17.21%和3.62%。全省在56个流行县（市、区）设立了273个慢性丝虫病患者关怀照料点,2018年共开展关怀照料活动306次。结论　江西省慢性丝虫病患者数量明显减少,但仍应加强对慢性丝虫病患者的关怀照料工作。     

我国人群和动物芽囊原虫感染研究进展

囊原虫（Blastocystis）是一种可寄生于人类和多种动物的单细胞、厌氧性肠道原虫,在全球广泛分布。芽囊原虫感染在我国健康人群、儿童、学生、门诊及住院患者、腹泻等人群中均有报道,免疫力低下人群感染率较高,广西和云南地区人群感染率相对较高。根据小亚基核糖体RNA（small?subunit ribosomal RNA,SSU rRNA）基因序列差异,芽囊原虫分为17种亚型（ST1～ST17）,其中ST1～ST9、ST12亚型可感染人和动物,ST10～ST17亚型仅感染动物。我国人群芽囊原虫基因亚型以ST1～ST3为主,并存在ST1和ST3、ST1和ST2、ST2和ST3等混合基因亚型感染。本文就我国人群和不同动物感染芽囊原虫的流行病学、基因分型进行综述。     

2012-2013年江西省农村垃圾和污水处置现状调查

目的了解江西省农村垃圾和污水处置现状及变化趋势,评价农村环境卫生状况。方法 2012、2013连续2年选取相同的28个县(市、区),每个县采用按比例分层随机抽样方法,抽取5个乡镇、20个村,按照统一的调查表进行调查。结果江西省垃圾和污水处理设施不足,垃圾处理厂、污水处理厂覆盖人口占总人口的比例分别为24.88%、20.31%。均以覆盖县城城区人口为主,分别占覆盖人口的58.92%、88.28%。农村生活垃圾的收集方式以定点堆放为主,占49.02%。处理方式以焚烧、填埋为主,分别占51.78%、29.64%。生产性垃圾中工业垃圾以焚烧、填埋为主,分别占35.00%、34.00%;养殖业垃圾以再利用、高温堆肥为主,分别占52.00%、35.50%。生活污水以随意排放为主,占50.62%。以排往河流、坑塘为主,分别占38.12%、31.78%。生产性污水中工业污水和养殖业污水均以直接排放为主,分别占68.13%、76.37%。结论江西省农村地区垃圾和污水大部分未能进行有效处理,环境卫生状况有待进一步改善。     

2001-2010年江西省结核病控制成效分析

目的分析评价江西省结核病防治10年规划(2001-2010年)的执行情况。方法按照《全国结核病防治规划(2001-2010年)》终期评估实施方案,收集江西省11个设区市和99个县(市、区)规划评估表、监测年报表、季报表,录入Epi Data,利用Excel进行数据统计分析。结果江西省10年结核病控制工作期间,结防专职人数从503人增加到752人。全省用于结核病防治工作的费用支出从2001年的99.80万元增加到2010年的3 058.38万元。DOTS策略覆盖率达到100%。全省累计发现活动性肺结核患者285 748例,其中涂片阳性(即传染性)肺结核患者150 701例(含新涂阳肺结核患者132 116例),新涂阳肺结核任务完成率为112.04%(发现率为78.43%)。全省免费治疗活动性肺结核患者285 748例,其中痰涂片阳性肺结核患者150 701例(含新涂阳肺结核患者132 116例),新涂阳肺结核患者治愈率达到94.18%(124 427/132 116)。结论规划10年全省结核病控制工作实现了DOTS覆盖率100%、新涂阳肺结核病人高发现率(>70%)和新涂阳肺结核病人高治愈率(>85%)的目标,结防工作专职人数、经费支出明显增加,结核病防治成效显著。     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2120131, rs4935047, and rs7095891 in the MBL2 gene show no association with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in a Chinese Han population

Thus far, many studies have evaluated the correlation between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis B infection. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to investigate the relationship between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by comparing 996 chronic HBV infection cases to 301 acute infection controls. There was no significant correlation between rs2120131, rs4935047, and rs7095891 and chronic HBV infection. This suggested that the new SNPs within MBL2 were not associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in a Chinese Han population. J. Med. Virol. 85:602–607, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

针对MSM人群的HIV-1早期感染检测策略研究

目的建立针对男男性行为人群（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的高敏感检测策略,减少窗口期漏检。方法收集来自黑龙江、辽宁、内蒙古、宁夏和青海省（自治区）的MSM人群专项调查样本,分别用中国现行的HIV抗体常规检测策略、新检测策略一、新检测策略二和新检测策略三进行检测,对常规策略与3种新策略的检测结果进行对比、分析。结果11023份调查样本中,常规策略[三代酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）＋蛋白免疫印迹试验（WB）]检出的抗体阳性、阴性和不确定标本分别为282份、10716份和25份;新策略一（四代ELISA＋WB）检出的抗体阳性、阴性和不确定标本分别为282份、10676份和65份;新策略二（三代ELISA＋WB＋集合核酸）检出的核酸阳性,抗体阳性、阴性和不确定标本分别为28份、282份、10688份和25份;新策略三（四代ELISA＋WB＋集合核酸）检出的核酸阳性,抗体阳性、阴性、不确定标本分别为13份、282份、10663份和65份。常规策略、新策略一至三的检测敏感性分别为90．96％、90．96％、100％和95．16％,新策略二和新策略三的检测敏感性显著高于常规策略（P〈0．05）,且新策略对早期及急性HIV感染者的检测能力优于常规策略。结论针对MSM人群的HIV新检测策略,可以减少早期及急性HIV感染者的漏检,应根据实验室检测能力和样本量尽快在该人群中推广使用。