Quantification of print,radio and television exposure among previous blood donors in Kenya: an opportunity for encouraging repeat donation in a resource‐limited setting?

Blood services in sub‐Saharan Africa experience blood shortages and low retention of voluntary, non‐remunerated donors. To boost collections by encouraging repeat donations, the Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service is exploring the likelihood of reaching previous donors through targeted print, radio and television advertising. We analysed data from a national AIDS Indicator Survey to determine whether previous donors have significant exposure to media. Respondents reporting history of blood donation had significantly higher exposure to print, radio and television media than those without history of blood donation. Targeted media campaigns encouraging repeat donation are likely to reach previous donors even in resource‐limited settings.     

戒毒所和妇教所收容人员对艾滋病检测咨询的态度及其影响因素

目的了解戒毒所和妇教所收容人员艾滋病检测咨询经历、态度及影响因素。方法在戒毒所和妇教所分别调查了185名吸毒者和159名暗娼,内容包括人口学信息、性行为、吸毒史、艾滋病检测相关知识及态度等,分析两组人群对所内进行艾滋病检测咨询态度的影响因素。结果所有收容人员在入所时都做过HIV检测,但只有26.2%的人表示自己做过检测,其中81.1%知道检测结果。分别有83.1%的吸毒者和84.6%的暗娼愿意在戒毒所和妇教所咨询艾滋病知识;有80.9%的吸毒者和78.9%的暗娼愿意在戒毒所和妇教所做艾滋病检测。结论戒毒所和妇教所收容人员在入所时已做HIV检测,但多数没有被告知。收容人员对所内开展艾滋病检测咨询表示接受。戒毒所和妇教所应注意改善检测服务,加强检测结果告知。     

HIV-1 superinfection can occur in the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies

BackgroundSuperinfection of individuals already infected with HIV-1 suggests that pre-existing immune responses may not adequately protect against re-infection. We assessed high-risk female sex workers initially infected with HIV-1 clades A, D or A/D recombinants, to determine if HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies were lacking prior to superinfection.MethodsSix superinfected female sex workers previously stratified by HIV-1 high-risk behavior, infecting virus clade and volunteer CD4 counts were evaluated at baseline (n = 5) and at 350 days post-superinfection (n = 6); one superinfected volunteer lacked pre-superinfection plasma. Retrospective plasmas were assessed for neutralization of a multi-clade panel of 12 HIV-1 viruses before superinfection, and then at quarterly intervals thereafter. Similarly stratified singly infected female sex workers were correspondingly assessed at baseline (n = 19) and 350 days after superinfection (n = 24). Neutralization of at least 50% of the 12 viruses (broad neutralization), and geometric means of the neutralization titers (IC₅₀) were compared before and after superinfection; and were correlated with the volunteer HIV-1 superinfection status, CD4 counts, and pseudovirus clade.ResultsPreexisting broad neutralization occurred in 80% (4/5) of the superinfected subjects with no further broadening by 350 days after superinfection. In one of the five subjects, HIV-1 superinfection occurred when broad neutralization was lacking; with subsequent broadening of neutralizing antibodies occuring within 9 months and plateauing by 30 months after detection of superinfection. Clade B and C pseudoviruses were more sensitive to neutralization (13; [87%]); and (12; [80%]) than the locally circulating clades A (10; [67%]) and D (6; [40%]), respectively (p = 0.025). Low antibody titers correlated with clade D viruses and with >500 CD4 T cell counts, but not with the superinfection status.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that HIV-1 superinfection can occur both in the presence, and in the absence of broadly neutralizing antibodies.     

Perceived Access and Actual Intake of Healthy Diets Among Households in Vulnerable Salvadoran Communities

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the dietary intake of Salvadoran households according to perceived access to healthy meals (PAHD), and to identify household characteristics associated with diet quality and PAHD.MethodsSecondary data analysis with a sample of 139 Salvadoran households from resource-poor communities in El Salvador. Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used to assess differences in dietary intake across households classified according to PAHD.ResultsHigh-PAHD households had higher women's education, household food security levels, overall diet quality, and variety, and higher intakes of animal products, fats, cholesterol, vitamin C, and sodium (P < .05). Diet quality was not associated with the household characteristics studied.Conclusions and ImplicationsOverall diet quality was associated with higher levels of PAHD, but some differences in intakes were not as expected, such as higher intakes in foods and nutrients associated with low-quality diets, among high PAHD households.     

Estimating primary care attendance rates for fever in infants after meningococcal B vaccination in England using national syndromic surveillance data

BackgroundIn September 2015, the United Kingdom became the first country to introduce the multicomponent group B meningococcal vaccine (4CMenB) into a national infant immunisation programme. In early clinical trials 51–61% of infants developed a fever when 4CMenB was administered with other routine vaccines. Whilst administration of prophylactic paracetamol is advised, up to 3% of parents may seek medical advice for fever following vaccination. We used research-level general practitioner consultations to identify any increase in attendances for all-cause fever in vaccine-eligible infants following 4CMenB introduction in England.MethodsConsultations for infant all-cause fever in the year following the vaccine introduction were identified from The Phoenix Partnership (TPP) ResearchOne general practice database using Read (CTV3) codes. Average daily consultation rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for vaccine-eligible age groups and compared to the two years preceding vaccine introduction. The difference between pre- and post-vaccine all-cause fever consultations was estimated.ResultsAll-cause fever consultations in vaccine-eligible 7–10 week olds were 1.6-fold higher (IRR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.22–2.05) compared to the two previous years and 1.5-fold higher (IRR 1.47; 95% CI, 1.17–1.86) in 15–18 week-olds. There were no significant differences in 0–6 or 11–14 week-olds. Applying the difference between pre- and post-vaccine consultation rates to the 4CMenB vaccine-eligible age groups across England estimated 1825 additional fever consultations in the year following 4CMenB introduction.ConclusionsWe found a small but significant difference in all-cause fever consultation rates in vaccine-eligible infants who would have received 4CMenB with other vaccines.     

青岛市男性新型毒品滥用人群艾滋病病毒感染及危险行为调查

目的 了解山东省青岛市新型毒品滥用者使用新型毒品的情况、性行为特征及HIV感染状况。方法 采用横断面调查设计,2015-2016年在青岛市依托MSM社会组织和社区中男性新型毒品滥用者志愿者,滚雪球法招募男性新型毒品滥用者,样本量估计为933人。收集其吸毒、性行为,检测HIV、梅毒、HCV抗体,检测新型毒品滥用情况。采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库、SAS 9.4软件进行统计分析。结果 共招募1 034人,MSM组431人（占41.7%）和非MSM组603人（占58.3%）。与非MSM组相比,MSM组年龄较低,未婚比例较高,文化程度较高。最近6个月用过冰毒的比例MSM组和非MSM组分别为49.7%（214/431）和100.0%（603/603）,用过零号胶囊的比例分别为66.8%（288/431）和0.0%。最近6个月与多人共用毒品者的比例MSM组和非MSM组分别为87.9%（379/431）和97.7%（588/602）（χ²=39.84,P<0.01）。最近6个月使用毒品后发生性行为从未使用安全套的比例,非MSM组（47.5%,285/600）高于MSM组（7.4%,32/430）（χ²=190.10,P<0.01）。最近6个月使用新型毒品后发生多人性行为的比例,MSM组和非MSM组分别为78.1%（335/429）和5.5%（33/600）（χ²=573.73,P<0.01）。MSM组的和非MSM组的HIV抗体阳性率、梅毒抗体阳性率、HCV抗体阳性率分别为2.1%和0.2%、3.3%和6.3%、0.0%和0.3%。结论 青岛市男性新型毒品滥用人群中有较高比例的多人共同吸毒,在有男男性行为的新型毒品滥用人群中,使用毒品后的群体性行为发生率高,HIV抗体阳性率较高,安全套使用率低,应重点加强对这部分亚人群的干预。     

1989-2015年云南省德宏州50岁及以上HIV感染者流行病学特征分析

目的 分析云南省德宏州1989-2015年50岁人群艾滋病疫情特征及流行趋势。方法 收集国家艾滋病防治综合信息系统中报告现住址为云南省德宏州,年龄50岁的临床诊断和实验室诊断艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）,截止日期为2015年12月31日,对其构成比、三间分布和趋势构成变化等进行分析。结果 现住址累计报告50岁HIV/AIDS病例1 193例,占累计报告数的7.98%;1 193例病例中,截止2015年底已死亡496例,病死率为41.58%。自2000年以来50岁HIV/AIDS的构成比逐年上升,从2000年的2.97%上升至2015年的19.94%。50岁HIV/AIDS在全州5县均有分布,芒市占当地报告HIV/AIDS构成比最高（占11.67%）。50岁HIV/AIDS人群分布以男性为主（64.79%,773/1 193）,平均年龄（58.316.96）岁,93.38%患者的文化程度为初中及以下,94.02%的职业为农民、待业和离退休人员。89.52%通过性接触传播,10.48%通过注射吸毒传播。女性、无配偶者、性接触传播者、农民和临床就诊检测发现者所占比例在不同时间段（1989-2003年、2004-2011年和2012-2015年）呈现上升趋势。结论 德宏州50岁人群艾滋病流行形式较为严峻,艾滋病防控工作应关注该年龄人群,结合艾滋病防治常规工作开展多元化的性健康教育应成为该人群艾滋病防治工作的重心。     

Cost-Effectiveness of the NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Intervention

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a state-of-the-art sexual-risk reduction intervention for high-risk men and women. The main intervention consisted of seven small-group sessions based on well-established principles of cognitive–behavioral therapy. This intervention was compared with a single-session video-based risk reduction intervention. The main outcome measure was the incremental cost–utility ratio, which equals the additional cost per additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved by the cognitive–behavioral intervention, in comparison with the video intervention. A mathematical model of HIV transmission was used to translate reported sexual behavior changes into estimates of the number of HIV infections averted by the interventions, and associated savings in QALYs and averted HIV-related medical costs. For women, the incremental cost–utility ratio equaled $32,688 per QALY saved, which indicates that the cognitive–behavioral intervention was cost-effective compared to the video intervention. For men, the incremental cost–utility ratio was slightly negative, suggesting that the cognitive–behavioral intervention was highly cost-effective, or even cost-saving, compared to the video intervention. This analysis indicates that both brief and intensive sexual risk reduction interventions for high-risk populations can be cost-effective.     

Immune activation and induction of HIV-1 replication within CD14 macrophages during acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfection

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfection and its treatment on cellular reservoirs of viral replication in HIV-1-infected persons and to relate this to changes in systemic immune activation. METHODS: Plasma samples were obtained from HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 10) at diagnosis of acute malaria, 4 weeks after parasite clearance and from HIV-infected aparasitemic controls (n = 10). Immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture analysis was used to determine the cellular origin of cell-free virus particles present in all 30 plasma samples and indices of immune activation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the detectable proportion of HIV-1 particles derived from CD14 macrophages and CD26 lymphocytes was increased in persons with acute malaria coinfection and correlated with markedly increased plasma concentrations of both proinflammatory cytokines and soluble markers of macrophage and lymphocyte activation. Parasite clearance following treatment with antimalarial drugs resulted in decreased detection of HIV-1 particles derived from the CD14 macrophage cell subset and correlated with a marked diminution in systemic immune activation. CONCLUSIONS: Acute P. falciparum malaria coinfection impacts virus-host dynamics in HIV-1-infected persons at the cellular level, notably showing a reversible induction of HIV-1 replication in CD14 macrophages that is associated with changes in immune activation.