Factors affecting antibody responses to immunizations in infants born to women immunized against pertussis in pregnancy and unimmunized women: Individual-Participant Data Meta-analysis

BackgroundExploring factors that affect immune responses to immunizations in infants born to women immunized with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular-pertussis (Tdap) in pregnancy compared with unimmunized women is important in designing immunization programs.MethodsIndividual-participant data meta-analysis of 8 studies reporting post-immunization immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to vaccine antigens in infants born to either women immunized with Tdap in pregnancy or unimmunized women, using mixed-effects models.ResultsIn infants of Tdap-immunized women, two-fold higher levels of anti-pertussis toxin (PT) and anti-diphtheria-toxoid (DT) IgG pre-primary immunization were associated with 9% and 10% lower post-primary immunization levels, (geometric mean ratio [GMR], PT: 0.91; 95% CI, 0.88–0.95,n = 494, DT: 0.9; 0.87–0.93,n = 519). Timing of immunization in pregnancy did not affect post-primary immunization anti-Bordetella pertussis, anti-tetanus-toxoid (TT) and anti-DT IgG levels. Spacing of infant immunization did not affect post-primary immunization anti-B. pertussis and anti-DT levels. In infants of Tdap-immunized women, two-fold higher levels of anti-PT and anti-filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) IgG pre-primary immunization were associated with lower post-booster immunization levels, (GMR, PT: 0.91; 0.85–0.97,n = 224, FHA: 0.92; 0.85–0.99,n = 232). Timing of immunization in pregnancy did not affect post-booster immunization anti-Bordetella pertussis, anti-tetanus-toxoid (TT) and anti-DT IgG levels. Spacing of infant immunization did not affect post-booster immunization anti-PT, anti-pertactin (PRN), anti-TT and anti-DT IgG levels.In infants of unimmunized women, two-fold higher IgG levels of some vaccine antigens pre-primary immunization were associated with 8–17% lower post-primary immunization levels (GMR, PT 0.92, 95% CI:0.88–0.97, n = 373; FHA:0.88, 95% CI:0.85–0.92,n = 378; PRN:0.84, 95% CI:0.81–0.88, n = 367; TT:0.88, 95% CI:0.83–0.93, n = 241; DT: 0.83, 95% CI:0.79–0.87,n = 278). Two-fold higher levels of anti-FHA IgG pre-primary immunization were associated with 8% lower post-booster immunization levels (GMR, 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86–0.99,n = 138).DiscussionIncreased IgG levels pre-primary immunization is associated with reduced post-primary and post-booster immunization levels for some antigens in infants of women immunized or unimmunized in pregnancy, but their clinical significance is uncertain.     

Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies of carotid intima-media thickness

Common carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is an index of subclinical atherosclerosis that is associated with ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD). We undertook a cross-sectional epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of measures of cIMT in 6400 individuals. Mendelian randomization analysis was applied to investigate the potential causal role of DNA methylation in the link between atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors and cIMT or clinical cardiovascular disease. The CpG site cg05575921 was associated with cIMT (beta?=??0.0264, p value?=?3.5?×?10^–8) in the discovery panel and was replicated in replication panel (beta?=??0.07, p value?=?0.005). This CpG is located at chr5:81649347 in the intron 3 of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene (AHRR). Our results indicate that DNA methylation at cg05575921 might be in the pathway between smoking, cIMT and stroke. Moreover, in a region-based analysis, 34 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified of which a DMR upstream of ALOX12 showed the strongest association with cIMT (p value?=?1.4?×?10^–13). In conclusion, our study suggests that DNA methylation may play a role in the link between cardiovascular risk factors, cIMT and clinical cardiovascular disease.

     

Saltwater fish but not freshwater fish consumption is positively related to handgrip strength: The TCLSIH Cohort Study

Fish contain many important nutrients and are primarily known for high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) content. Studies have shown that supplementation of fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA improves muscle mass and strength. Here, we hypothesized that fish consumption might improve muscle strength. To test this hypothesis, we performed this cross-sectional study (n = 29,084) in Tianjin, China. The frequency of fish consumption was assessed using a valid self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Handgrip strength (HGS) was used as the indicator of muscle strength, and was measured using a handheld digital dynamometer. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the relationship between fish consumption and HGS. In men, after adjusted potential confounding factors, the least square means (95% confidence intervals) of HGS across saltwater fish consumption categories were 41.5 (41.1, 43.7) kg for <1 time/week, 44.6 (43.2, 45.8) kg for 1 time/week, and 44.7 (43.3, 46.1) kg for ≥2 to 3 times/week (P for trend <0.001). In men, the least square means (95% confidence intervals) of HGS across the ascending quartiles of dietary n-3 PUFA intake were 43.6 (43.2, 44.4) kg, 43.7 (43.2, 44.6) kg, 44.4 (43.0, 45.8) kg, and 44.6 (43.1, 46.0) kg (P for trend <0.01). The results showed that saltwater fish consumption was positively related to HGS in men, but not in women, suggesting that saltwater fish contain nutrients that may be used to improve HGS.     

Exposure to psychosocial work strain and changes in smoking behavior during pregnancy – a longitudinal study within the Danish National Birth Cohort

Objective:Knowledge of the relationship between psychosocial strain in the work environment and smoking during pregnancy is scarce. This study aimed to examine the association between psychosocial job strain and change in smoking behavior during pregnancy.Methods:The cohort included 65 645 pregnancies from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002), where pregnant women were interviewed on job factors and lifestyle during the first and third trimesters. Smoking was categorized into non-, non-daily, and daily smoking at each interview. Psychosocial job strain was categorized into four groups based on the concept of Karasek’s demand–control model: low strain (reference), passive, active and high strain. Associations between psychosocial strain and change in smoking status between the first and second interviews were analyzed by multinomial logistic regression, separately for each smoking category at first interview.Results:Non-smoking women exposed to high strain work were more likely to become daily smokers [adjusted odds ratio (OR_adj) 1.41, (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.83)] compared to non-smoking women exposed to low strain work. Non-smoking women exposed to passive work were more likely to become both non-daily and daily smokers [OR_adj 1.59 (95% CI 1.21–2.08) and OR_adj 1.32 (95% CI 1.03–1.70), respectively]. Daily smoking women exposed to high strain work were less likely to decrease their smoking [OR_adj 0.57 (95% CI 0.32–0.99)] compared to daily smoking women exposed to low strain work.Conclusions:Psychosocial strain influenced the women’s smoking behavior during pregnancy, especially in job types with low control.     

Work factors facilitating working beyond state pension age: Prospective cohort study with register follow-up

Objectives:The demographic changes in Europe underline the need for an extension of working lives. This study investigates the importance of physical work demands and psychosocial work factors for working beyond the state pension age (65 years).Methods:We combined data from three cohorts of the general working population in Denmark (DWECS 2005 and 2010, and DANES 2008), where actively employed workers aged 55–59 years replied to questionnaires about work environment and were followed until the age of 66 years in the Danish AMRun register of paid employment. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between physical and psychosocial work factors and working beyond state pension age, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, cohabiting, sector, income, vocational education, working hours, lifestyle, and previous sickness absence.Results:Of the 2884 workers aged 55–59 years, 1023 (35.5%) worked beyond the state pension age. Higher physical work demands was associated with a lower likelihood (PR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58–0.82) and a good psychosocial work environment was associated with higher likelihood (average of 7 items: PR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49–2.20) of working beyond state pension age. Stratified analyses did not change the overall pattern, ie, a good overall psychosocial work environment – as well as several specific psychosocial factors – increased the likelihood of working beyond state pension age, both for those with physically active and seated work.Conclusion:While high physical work demands was a barrier, a good psychosocial work environment seems to facilitate working beyond state pension age, also for those with physically active work.     

天津市中小学校教室采光照明与学生视力不良的关系

  目的  了解天津市中小学校教室采光照明和学生视力不良的关系,为有针对性地制定中小学生视力保护措施提供参考依据。  方法  于2020年9—10月,采用分层整群抽样的方法,选取天津市89所中小学共623间教室、24 713名学生为研究对象。采用照度计监测教室采光照明环境,标准对数视力灯箱检测学生裸眼视力。采用SPSS 24.0进行χ2检验、方差分析和二元Logistic回归分析。  结果  天津市中小学生视力不良检出率为67.86%,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、黑板面照度均匀度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度合格率分别为58.11%,53.13%,73.19%,66.61%,75.12%。单因素分析显示,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度是否合格对中小学生视力不良影响差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为311.29,62.54,61.71,6.59,P值均 < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、课桌面平均照度不合格与中小学生视力不良均呈正相关[OR值(OR值95%CI)分别为1.19(1.11~1.27),1.27(1.17~ 1.37),1.11(1.02 ~1.20),P值均 < 0.05]。  结论  天津市中小学生视力不良问题较严重,黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、课桌面平均照度是中小学生发生视力不良的重要影响因素,应营造良好的教室采光照明环境。     

北京市2016—2018年夏季高温对儿童急诊入院的影响

  目的  分析北京市夏季高温对儿童急诊入院的不良影响,为儿童高温健康防护政策的制定提供科学依据。  方法  收集2016—2018年夏季(6—9月)北京市30家医院儿童急诊入院数据及同期逐日气象因素和空气污染物数据。基于Quasi-Possion回归广义线性模型分析北京市夏季日平均温度对儿童因非意外总疾病、心脑血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病急诊入院的影响。  结果  2016—2018年夏季,北京市日均温度为(24.06±3.59)℃,日相对湿度为(65.08±17.45)%。暴露当日日平均温度每升高1 ℃,北京市0~14岁儿童因非意外总疾病、呼吸系统疾病急诊入院风险分别增加0.21,0.64倍,尚未观察到高温对于儿童因心脑血管系统疾病急诊入院的影响。高温对于不同年龄组儿童急诊入院影响不一致,其中5~9岁儿童因非意外总疾病急诊入院风险增幅最大,0~4岁儿童易受呼吸系统疾病急诊入院的影响,10~14岁儿童受心脑血管系统疾病急诊入院影响最大。  结论  北京市夏季高温对儿童急诊入院具有显著影响,儿童呼吸系统疾病是夏季高温相关敏感性疾病,相关部门应该给予充分关注。     

不同空间插值方法在钠摄入量估算中的应用

目的采用空间插值法对缺失膳食钠摄入量数据的地区进行摄入量估算。方法膳食钠消费数据来自2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测,调查采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样方法,共调查了150个区县20岁及以上居民的膳食消费数据。运用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法结合家庭调味品称重法,进行面对面访谈共收集了48826名成年人膳食钠摄入量数据,计算膳食钠消费量平均数据。比较反距离权重法、普通克里金插值法、协同克里金插值法和回归克里金插值法等空间分析技术对膳食钠摄入量估算的精度,并选用插值精度最高的空间分析方法,绘制全国各区县的人均每日膳食钠摄入量预测趋势面,对各省膳食钠摄入量进行估算。结果2010—2012年中国居民的膳食钠平均摄入量为5.18g,其中男性平均摄入量为5.33g,女性平均摄入量为5.03g。比较多种空间分析技术估算膳食钠摄入量的精度发现,回归克里金插值法优于其他3种方法,其均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.54和0.44。利用回归克里金插值法对全国各地区膳食钠摄入量进行估算,经人口加权计算得到全国膳食钠摄入量估算值为5.17g/d,全国男性膳食钠摄入量估算值为5.33g/d,女性膳食钠摄入量估算值为5.01g/d,各年龄组膳食钠的测量值与估算值的差值率均不超过10%。钠摄入量较高的地区为山东省(5.98g/d)、天津市(5.83g/d)和河北省(5.82g/d),摄入量最低的为贵州省(4.27g/d)结论空间插值法可用于对膳食钠消费数据缺失地区的摄入量估算,其中回归克里金插值法估算精度最高。