Key Social Determinants to Narrow the Gap between Health-adjusted Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy in Megacities

ObjectiveImprovement in the quality of life is reflected in the narrowing of the gap between health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and life expectancy (LE). The effect of megacity expansion on narrowing the gap is rarely reported. This study aimed to disclose this potential relationship.MethodsAnnual life tables were constructed from identified death records and population counts from multiple administrative sources in Guangzhou, China, from 2010 to 2020. Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend. Generalized principal component analysis and multilevel models were applied to examine the county-level association between the gap and social determinants.ResultsAlthough LE and HALE in megacities are increasing steadily, their gap is widening. Socio-economic and health services are guaranteed to narrow this gap. Increasing personal wealth, a growing number of newborns and healthy immigrants, high urbanization, and healthy aging have helped in narrowing this gap.ConclusionIn megacities, parallel LE and HALE growth should be highly considered to narrow their gap. Multiple social determinants need to be integrated as a whole to formulate public health plans.     

广东六地区乡镇传染病防制工作现况与对策研究

目的：了解乡镇（街道社区）传染病防制工作现况，旨为政府决策提供科学依据。方法：采用现场访谈及问卷调查方法对广东省6个经济发达地区及欠发达地区的21个乡镇卫生院（或地段医院）进行传染病防制工作现况调查。结果：广东省部分地区乡镇从事传染病防制工作的防保人员配置平均为0．9人／万人；经济欠发达地区传染病防制工作经费缺乏或不足．且防保人员中具有大专以上学历的比例仅为5．8％；各地乡镇防保机构无学历及非卫生专业人员比例达40．0％；各地防保人员缺乏开展传染病防制工作的基础知识和技能。结论：设立专项经费、增加专业人员编制、实行人员准入机制和岗前培训、制定标准工作规范及程序是加强乡镇传染病防制工作能力建设的主要策略。     

健康成年人接种两剂新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗后序贯加强免疫重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)的免疫原性和安全性研究

目的 评价在接种两剂已上市新冠病毒灭活疫苗的人群中序贯加强免疫重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)后的免疫原性和安全性,为制定新型冠状病毒疫苗的加强免疫策略提供科学依据。 方法 采用开放性试验设计,筛选入组360例已接种两剂新冠病毒灭活疫苗3～4个月、6～8个月、11～13个月的18周岁及以上研究对象并接种1剂重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)。采集所有研究对象研究用疫苗接种前、接种后14 d血样,用于体液免疫检测,收集研究用疫苗接种后1个月内的所有不良事件。 结果 本研究入组360例研究对象,按研究对象加强免疫与基础免疫间隔时间分3组(A组91～120 d,B组181～240 d,C组331～390 d),各组120例,无研究对象脱落。三组年龄均值分别为38.13、40.22和45.73岁,各组间年龄差异有统计学意义(F=13.516,P＜0.001),A、B组差异无统计学意义(P=0.168),C组和A、B组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。三组 IgG GMC(几何平均浓度)免疫前分别为4.81、4.23、2.12 AU/ml,差异有统计学意义(F=10.054,P＜0.001),C组和A、B组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001),A、B组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.520);三组免疫后 IgG GMC 分别为106.69、124.05、80.04 AU/ml,差异无统计学意义(F=2.028,P=0.133)。三组 IgG 抗体阳转率分别为84.17%、87.50%、79.17%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.081,P=0.214)。免疫前血清针对Delta变异株和原型株不同组别的中和抗体滴度比较,三组原型株中和抗体GMT(几何平均滴度)为1∶2.18、1∶2.18、1∶2.19,差异无统计学意义(F=0.011,P=0.990);三组Delta变异株中和抗体GMT为1∶2.09、1∶2.17、1∶2.16,差异无统计学意义(F=0.378,P=0.686)。免疫后血清三组原型株中和抗体 GMT为1∶31.09、1∶34.90、1∶21.98,差异无统计学意义(F=2.262,P=0.106);三组Delta变异株中和抗体GMT为1∶61.46、1∶77.44、1∶43.71,差异无统计学意义(F=2.105,P=0.123)。序贯加强免疫后血清对新型冠状病毒Delta变异株和原型株的中和抗体阳转率分别达到82.78%、83.33%。三组 SARS-CoV-2原型株中和抗体阳转率分别为86.67%、87.50%、75.83%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.320,P=0.026),其中C组低于A组和B组;三组 SARS-CoV-2 Delta变异株中和抗体阳转率分别为87.50%、84.17%、76.67%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.183,P=0.075)。发生不良事件人数为124人,不良事件总体发生率为34.44%。各组发生率分别为35.83%、40.83%和26.67%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.487,P=0.064),所有研究对象出现的不良事件以接种部位不良事件为主,主要表现为疫苗接种部位疼痛(23.89%);全身不良事件主要表现为疲劳/乏力(6.94%),未发生与疫苗接种有关的SAEs。结论 接种两剂新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗后序贯加强免疫重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)具有良好的免疫原性和安全性。较长间隔期的免疫前IgG和免疫后原型株中和抗体阳转率较低,不同间隔期的免疫后IgG 、Delta变异株和原型株中和抗体水平比较差异均无统计学意义,建议基础免疫后6~8个月为最佳的接种间隔。     

Immunogenicity and safety of two novel human papillomavirus 4- and 9-valent vaccines in Chinese women aged 20–45 years: A randomized,blinded, controlled with Gardasil (type 6/11/16/18), phase III non-inferiority clinical trial

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infections were the main cause of anogenital cancers and warts. HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccines provide protection against the high-risk types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. This randomized, blinded, non-inferiority phase III trial was to determine whether immunogenicity and tolerability would be non-inferior among women after receiving two novel 4- and 9-valent HPV vaccines (4vHPV, HPV 6/11/16/18; 9vHPV, HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) compared with those receiving Gardasil 4 (4-valent).Methods1680 females between 20 and 45 years were randomized in a 2:1:1 ratio to 20–26, 27–35, or 36–45 y groups. Subjects then equally assigned to receive 4vHPV, 9vHPV or Gardasil 4 (control) vaccine at months 0, 2, and 6. End points included non-inferiority of HPV-6/11/16/18 antibodies for 4vHPV versus control, and 9vHPV versus control and safety. The immunogenicity non-inferiority was pre-defined as the lower bound of 95% confidence interval (CI) of seroconversion rate (SCR) difference > ?10% and the lower bound of 95% CI of geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) ratio > 0.5.ResultsAmong the three vaccine groups, more than 99% of the participants seroconverted to all 4 HPV types. The pre-specified statistical non-inferiority criterion for the immunogenicity hypothesis was met: all the lower bounds of 95% CIs on SCR differences exceeded ?10% for each vaccine HPV type and the corresponding lower bounds of 95% CIs for GMT ratios > 0.5. Across vaccination groups, the most common vaccination reaction were injection-site adverse events (AEs), including pain, swelling, and redness. General and serious AEs were similar in the three groups. There were no deaths.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the novel 4- and 9-valent HPV vaccination was highly immunogenic and generally well tolerated, both of which were non-inferior to Gardasil 4 in immunogenicity and safety.     

To What Extent Do Local Nursing Home Prescribing Patterns Relate to Psychotropic Prescribing in Assisted Living?

ObjectiveIn nursing homes (NHs), psychoactive medication use has received notable attention, but less is known about prescribing in assisted living (AL). This study examined how antipsychotic and antianxiety medication prescribing in AL compares with NHs.DesignObservational, cross-sectional AL data linked to publicly reported NH measures.Setting and ParticipantsRandom sample of 250 AL communities and the full sample of 3371 NHs in 7 states.MethodsWe calculated the percentage of residents receiving antipsychotics and antianxiety medications. For each AL community, we calculated the distance to NHs in the state. Linear models estimated the relationship between AL prescribing and that of the closest and farthest 5 NHs, adjusting for AL characteristics and state fixed effects.ResultsThe prescribing rate of potentially inappropriate antipsychotics (i.e., excluding for persons with recorded schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome) and of antianxiety medications (excluding for those on hospice) in AL was 15% and 21%, respectively. Unadjusted mean antipsychotic prescribing rates were nominally higher in AL than NHs (14.8% vs 14.6%; P = .056), whereas mean antianxiety prescribing was nominally lower in AL (21.2% vs 22.6%; P = .032). In adjusted analyses, AL rates of antipsychotic use were not associated with NH rates. However, being affiliated with an NH was associated with a lower rate of antipsychotic use [b = −0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.50 to −0.001; P = .043], whereas antianxiety rates were associated with neighboring NHs’ prescribing rates (b = 0.43; 95% CI 0.16–0.70; P = .002).Conclusions and ImplicationsThis study suggests reducing antipsychotic medication use in NHs may influence AL practices in a way not accounted for by local NH patterns. And, because antianxiety medications have not been the focus of national campaigns, they may be more subject to local prescribing behaviors. It seems advantageous to consider prescribing in AL when efforts are implemented to change NH prescribing, as there seems to be related influence whether by affiliation or region.     

Defining the Core Skills and Activities of the Attending Physician in Post-Acute and Long-Term Care

The American Board of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine (ABPLM) contracted with a psychometric firm to perform a 3-phase Job Analysis following best practices. Literature was reviewed, a task force of subject matter experts was convened, a survey was developed and sent via Survey Monkey to attending physicians practicing in post-acute and long-term care settings (PALTC). The task force refined a comprehensive list of the tasks, knowledge, and medical knowledge needed in the role of attending physician in PALTC. These items were written as statements and edited until consensus was reached on their accuracy, conciseness, and lack of overlap. Task statements described distinct, identifiable, and specific practice-related activities relevant across multiple care settings. Knowledge statements described previously acquired information considered necessary to effectively perform such tasks. The survey consisted of 260 items, including 21 demographic questions, 115 task statements, 73 knowledge statements, and 72 medical knowledge statements. The survey was disseminated via e-mail invitations to Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care (AMDA) members and through an online link available through ABPLM’s website. A total of 389 respondents participated. Survey data were analyzed with statistical analysis software SPSS. For each task and knowledge statement, an Overall Task Rating and Knowledge Rating were developed by combining the importance rating weighted at 65% and (for task) the frequency rating or (for knowledge) the cognitive level weighted at 35%. One task statement and 1 medical knowledge statement had a mean importance rating lower than 2.5 and were dropped from further review, resulting in a final count of 114 task, 73 knowledge, and 71 medical knowledge statements (258 total). The results of this Job Analysis highlight the unique and specific nature of medical care provided by attending physicians across a range of PALTC settings. These findings lay a foundation for Focused Practice Designation or Subspecialty in PALTC and changes in practice and policy.     

广东省21个地级市医师人力供需分析与趋势预测

目的 分析广东省21个地市的医师人力供需情况,并预测2022年的供需变化趋势。方法 基于卫生服务需求法与Holt指数平滑法,拟合广东省各个地市2009—2019年的住院与门诊服务数据,对2022年医师供需变化进行预测。结果 预测2022年广东省医师需求为322 290人,执业（助理）医师配置总数为331 806人,全省医师供给状况较充足。2019年供需比最高的3个地市分别是珠海市（1.33）、汕头市（1.31）、汕尾市（1.31）;医师供需比最低的3个地市分别是茂名市（0.55）、中山市（0.76）、江门市（0.76）。预测到2022年,医师供需比最高的3个地市分别是汕尾市（1.64）、珠海市（1.34）、深圳市（1.28）;医师供需比最低的3个地市分别是茂名市（0.58）、江门市（0.79）、云浮市（0.90）。结论 2022年广东省医师供需情况良好,医师配置数将超过医师需求数,大部分地市的医师供需情况得到改善。     

广东省40岁及以上居民血压及超重/肥胖对糖尿病的影响

  目的  探讨高血压、超重/肥胖及二者相加交互作用对糖尿病的影响,为预防糖尿病提供依据。  方法  采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,于2015年9-11月对8 991名居民进行问卷调查、医学体检及采集静脉血。基于复杂抽样构建Logistic回归分析模型及线性回归模型对数据进行统计分析,应用相加模型分析高血压及超重/肥胖对糖尿病患病的交互作用。  结果  Logistic回归分析模型结果显示高血压和超重/肥胖是40岁及以上居民糖尿病的危险因素。相加模型结果显示,高血压和超重/肥胖对糖尿病存在协同作用,OR值为4.45(95% CI: 2.75~7.20)。交互作用对FPG及糖化血红蛋白的影响也大于单独高血压或超重/肥胖人群。  结论  高血压、超重/肥胖是广东省40岁及以上人群糖尿病的独立危险因素,高血压伴有超重/肥胖对糖尿病患病存在相加交互作用。     

广东汉族人群谷胱甘肽硫转移酶A1基因多态性

目的探讨广东健康汉族人群谷胱甘肽硫转移酶A1（hGSTA1）基因多态性的分布。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法（PCR-RFLP）检测217名广东健康汉族人hGSTA1基因型。结果GSTA1基因野生型纯合子（GSTA1＊A／＊A）分布频率为76．0％（165／217），突变型纯合子（GSTA1＊B／＊B）为2．8％（6／217），突变型杂合子（GSTA1＊A／＊B）为21．2％（46／217）；GSTA1基因多态性的性别分布差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论广东健康汉族人群GSTA1基因多态性分布与日本人相似，但与美国白人、美国黑人存在差异。