高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素及甲硝唑

目的 建立蜂蜜中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素及甲硝唑残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定方法。方法 以乙酸乙酯作为提取剂,经涡旋混匀提取后,氮吹至干,用5%甲醇水溶解,Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化。经甲醇洗脱,洗脱液经45℃水浴氮吹至干,流动相涡旋溶解,上机测定。高效液相色谱分离、串联质谱检测,采用多离子反应监测（MRM）模式,内标法定量。结果 在优化条件下,4种抗生素浓度在0.1～5.0μg/L范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数（r）≥0.9953,方法检出限≤0.015μg/kg,不同基质中平均加标回收率为78.5%～95.1%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.8%～10.7%。结论 该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于蜂蜜中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素及甲硝唑的同时测定。     

北京市一起新型冠状病毒Omicron变异株聚集性疫情特征分析

目的 分析北京市海淀区一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学特征及传播链。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情流行病学特征,应用现场调查和大数据技术分析传播链。结果 2022年4月27日至5月13日, 海淀区发生一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情,全基因组测序系Omicron变异株（BA.2.2进化分支）;涉及感染者38例,确诊病例34例,无症状感染者4例;临床分型以轻型（88.2%）为主,无重型、危重型和死亡病例;早期临床症状以咽部不适（50.0%）、咳嗽（29.4%）为主;17 d内传播7代,涉及3起社区聚集、2起单位聚集和8个家庭内传播;暴露方式以同住（47.6%）、同时空暴露（31.6%）为主;代间距M（Q₁,Q₃）为3（1,6）d;总续发率为1.5%（37/2 482）,其中家庭续发率为36.7%（18/49）。结论 本起Omicron变异株疫情临床症状轻,家庭、社区聚集性明显,疫情传播速度较快,同时空暴露感染风险较高,需利用信息化技术全面摸排密切接触者,以快制快,有效阻断疫情传播。     

Barriers and facilitators to uptake and promotion of influenza vaccination among health care workers in the community in Beijing,China: A qualitative study

BackgroundIn the prevention and control of influenza, it is important for healthcare workers (HCWs) to be vaccinated and recommend influenza vaccines to their patients. However, there is limited evidence on the factors influencing uptake and promotion of influenza vaccination to patients among HCWs in China.MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews among HCWs in community health centers, including general practitioners (GPs) and preventive health workers (PHWs), during January to February 2017. A total of 21 individuals, purposively selected from six community health centers covering central districts and remote suburbs in Beijing, were interviewed using semi-structured topic guides. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interviews and coding framework was developed both inductively and deductively.ResultsIdentified factors influencing influenza vaccine uptake included knowledge, perception and recognition, and prior experience of vaccine uptake. All PHWs conservatively recommended influenza vaccine because of concerns about potential patient–doctor disputes. GPs rarely recommended vaccination under their own initiative because vaccine promotion was not their duties. Notably, we found that the division of work was an underlying reason for the different behaviors regarding vaccine uptake and promotion between GPs and PHWs.ConclusionsOur findings highlighted a combination of misconceptions and cognitive biases limiting influenza vaccine uptake among HCWs in China. Our findings indicate that promotion of health education regarding influenza vaccination should be implemented among HCWs. Importantly, the division of work greatly affects the behaviors of HCWs. GPs, who are at the front line in the doctor–patient relationship, have a critical role in influenza vaccination programs.     

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 16 years of age: Incomplete rebound in incidence after the maximum effect of PCV13 in 2012/13 in Germany

ObjectiveTo identify a potential nadir of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) in infancy on invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in children under 16 in Germany.MethodsActive surveillance on IPD based on two independent data sources with capture-recapture correction for underreporting. Annual incidence rates by age group, serotypes, site of infection, and relative incidence reduction compared to pre-vaccination period (1997–2001) at nadir and for the most recent season are reported. We calculated vaccine coverage at the age of 24 months using health insurance claims data.Results96–97% of children had received at least two doses of PCV since 2009. The maximum impact on overall IPD incidence was achieved in 2012/13 (−48% [95% CI: −55%; −39%]) with a rebound to −26% [95% CI: −36%; −16%] in 2015/16. Non-PCV13 serotypes accounted for 84.1% of the IPD cases in 2015/16. The most frequent non-PCV serotypes in IPD in 2014/15 and 2015/16 were 10A, 24F, 15C, 12F, 38, 22F, 23B, and 15B. The impact at nadir was highest in children 0–1 years of age both in meningitis and non-meningitis cases, whereas the impact for other age groups was higher for meningitis cases. The rebound mainly pertained to non-meningitis cases.ConclusionThe maximum impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination has been attained and signs of a rebound are apparent. Sustained surveillance for IPD in children is warranted to assess whether these trends will continue. There may be a need for vaccines using antigens common to all serotypes.     

Willingness to accept a future influenza A(H7N9) vaccine in Beijing,China

BackgroundThe present study aimed to estimate residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine and its determinants in the general adult population in Beijing, China.MethodsWe conducted a multi-stage sampling, cross-sectional survey using self-administered anonymous questionnaires from May to June, in 2014. The main outcome variable was residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of vaccination willingness.ResultsOf the 7264 eligible participants, 14.5% of Beijing residents reported that they had not heard of H7N9. Among those who had heard of H7N9, 59.5% of the general adult population would be willing to accept a future H7N9 vaccine, and approximately half of them reported ‘I am afraid of being infected by H7N9’ and ‘H7N9 vaccine can prevent infections’, and 28.1% reported ‘my daily life is affected by H7N9’. The variables that were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting willingness were being younger adults (aged 18–29 years: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97; aged 30–39 years: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.78), being farmers (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.96), being unemployed people (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04–1.78), living in suburban areas (OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.89–2.51), having ≥2 children in the family (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03–1.92), perceived risk in China (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.48), perceived susceptibility to disease (OR = 3.13; 95% CI: 2.73–3.58), perceived negative effect on daily life (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), perceived effectiveness of vaccination (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 2.07–2.64), and recent uptake of influenza vaccine (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.92–2.66).ConclusionsA great number of Beijing residents had doubts about the vaccine’s effectiveness and were not concerned about disease risk, which were the factors affecting willingness to be vaccinated. Targeted education programs on disease risk as well as vaccine’s effectiveness are needed to improve the willingness of vaccination for potential H7N9 pandemic preparedness.     

2013-2018年北京市海淀区麻疹风疹疑似病例血清学检测结果分析

 目的 探讨麻疹、风疹的流行病学特征,为麻疹、风疹的疫情监测提供实验室诊断依据。方法 应用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)对北京市海淀区2013-2018年麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清样本中的麻疹IgM和风疹IgM抗体同时进行检测,结果使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 2013-2018年共检测麻疹、风疹疑似病例476例,其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性153例,阳性率为32.14%,不同年份阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=34.82,P<0.01);风疹IgM抗体阳性32例,阳性率为6.72%,不同年份阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=19.76,P<0.01)。麻疹IgM抗体阳性病例中,男女性别比为0.96∶1,男女之间阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.70);风疹IgM抗体阳性病例中,男女性别比为3.00∶1,男女之间阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.33,P<0.05)。麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性病例主要为外省户籍病例,分别占56.21%和68.75%;麻疹抗体阳性病例主要为无免疫史病例,占55.56%。3-5月为麻疹、风疹的集中发病期。结论 应加强重点人群的常规接种,加强外省户籍人口的管理,接种疫苗,从而降低麻疹、风疹发病率。     

Cross sectional survey of Varicella-Zoster virus and measles seropositivity in people living with HIV in a Parisian suburb and a review of current immunization guidelines

According to evidence-based guidelines, vaccines against measles and varicella are generally recommended to susceptible HIV-positive patients, as long as they are not severely immunocompromised. However, routine screening to determine serologic status is not recommended. We conducted a seroprevalence study of anti-measles and anti-Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) antibodies in adults living with HIV (PLWHA) consulting at Avicenne University Hospital in a Parisian suburb. Sera were collected in years 2018–2020 and tested by commercial immunoassays in 268 patients. Most of the patients were born in Sub-Saharan Africa (55 %) and only 23 % in Europe. Measles and varicella seropositivity were present respectively in 91.4 % and 96.2 % of patients. One patient in ten was seronegative to at least one of tested diseases. In the univariate analysis, only younger age (p = 0.027) was associated with a higher risk of measles seronegativity, while shorter time since arrival in France (p < 0.001) and shorter time since HIV discovery (p = 0.007) were associated with a higher risk of VZV seronegativity. In multivariate analysis no association was found. This study highlights the absence of specific risk factors for VZV and measles seronegativity in PLWHA and supports the importance of routine screening, in order to increase immunization rates and reduce risk of complications.     

2009-2012年北京市海淀区细菌性食物中毒检测结果分析

目的了解2009-2012年北京市海淀区细菌性食物中毒特征,为预防控制细菌性食物中毒提供科学依据。方法对北京市海淀区2009-2012年细菌性食物中毒实验室检测样本及检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2009-2012年共发生80起细菌性食物中毒,共检出致病菌174株,其中副溶血性弧菌38株（21.8%）、金黄色葡萄球菌23株（13.2%）、致泻性大肠埃希菌18株（10.3%）、沙门菌4株（2.3%）、蜡样芽胞杆菌22株（12.6%）、变形杆菌69株（39.7%）。粪便标本检出114株菌,占菌株总数的65.5%;第3季度检出致病菌99株,占菌株总数的56.9%。结论 2009-2012年北京市海淀区细菌性食物中毒以副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原菌,变形杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌等条件致病菌的污染也应引起重视。     

北京市海淀区上地社区居民健康相关因素调查

目的 了解北京市海淀区上地社区居民存在的健康危险行为,为制定综合性的行为干预计划提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法 ,对北京市海淀区上地社区872名常住居民进行问卷调查,对不良生活方式及危险因素进行评估。结果 32.5%的调查对象过去一个月出现伤心、沮丧、忧郁等心理症状,48.0%的调查对象出现失眠多梦。调查对象的吸烟率为33.6%,其中男性吸烟率为55.8%,女性吸烟率为9.4%。缺乏体育运动、高盐及高脂摄入是主要的行为危险因素。结论 在社区居民中需要有针对性地开展综合行为干预,提高社区居民生活方式相关疾病的知识,控制行为危险因素。     

Analysis of the genetic variability of the mumps SH gene in viruses circulating in the UK between 1996 and 2005

Genetic analysis (genotyping) of mumps viruses has been applied to the molecular epidemiology of mumps for over 10 years in the UK. To explore further the variation of mumps strains over time, in total, 965 sequences of the entire SH gene were analysed and compared, including 954 mumps virus strains collected in the UK between 1996 and 2005 were characterised as genotypes G2 (426), G5 (369), J (157) and F (2), which were compared with 11 F sequences found in China. Phylogenetic trees drawn for G2, G5 and J sequences showed that the diversities were greater between the sequences in earlier years (before 2001/2002) than those in later years and could be divided into two clusters within each of the three genotypes over the 10-year period. One transmission of G2, G5 and a J strain was sustained from earlier years with mutations and eventually became predominant strains. Divergences amongst the same genotype or sub-genotype was up to 4.6% for G2, 5.3% for G5 and 4.9% for J. Mutation rates per site per year based on the 316 nt of SH gene were 0.94, 1.3, 0.96 and 1.86 × 10^?2 for G2, G5, J and F respectively. The ratio of d_N/d_S was 0.556, 0.909, 0.357 and 0.811 calculated based on the sequences of G2, G5, J and F respectively. The results revealed that the possible mumps evolution process based on the SH gene was not driven by positive selection during the 10 years between 1996 and 2005.