Qigong in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder is a condition that affects all races, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. With a high incidence ratio of one in every 68, it has become one of the most discussed psychiatric disorders. For this reason, the need for investigating novel treatments has been emerging. Qigong, a traditional Chinese mind-body technique, has already proven to be able to reduce symptoms of several physical and psychological illnesses.ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review is to examine and categorize the current scientific evidence regarding the efficacy of Qigong on children suffering from autism spectrum disorders.Search strategyA systematic literature search of the electronic scientific databases PubMed, Clinical Trials.gov, BioMed Central, PubMed Central and Google Scholar was performed to identify studies of Qigong in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder.Inclusion criteriaThis review included randomized controlled trials, replication studies, retrospective studies and observational follow-up studies of Qigong on children with autism spectrum disorder. Case reports and case series were excluded.Data extraction and analysisTwo researchers independently evaluated the methodological quality of all included studies. Any discrepancies were solved by discussion until consensus was achieved.ResultsOur literature search identified 157 publications, and 10 additional publications from hand search of references. After duplicate removal, 103 records remained. After the title/abstract screening, 19 publications were obtained for detailed evaluation. After detailed evaluation, 10 studies were included. Seven studies were conducted with small children with 2–6 years old employing Qigong massage, and three studies were conducted with older children aged 7–17 years old applying both Qigong massage (one study) and Neigong (two studies).ConclusionStudies demonstrated that Qigong has interesting and promising applicability and effect on children with autism spectrum disorder and should be tested further. Despite the need for more rigorous controlled studies, Qigong seems to be able to decrease severity of individual sensory, behavioural, and language components of autism, and improve self-control, sociability, sensory and cognitive awareness as well as healthy-physical behaviour. Besides positive effect on children and adolescents, benefits seem to extend to parents and caregivers as well. However, quality of methodology seems to be insufficient to state that Qigong is an alternative to common behavioural therapies. We suggest that, until more investigation is performed, Qigong may only be used as a complement, or when behavioural therapies are not accessible.     

抗分泌因子在大鼠内耳中的表达及其意义

目的:通过研究抗分泌因子(AF)在大鼠内耳组织中的表达及分布,为临床治疗梅尼埃病提供实验依据.方法:选取6只健康雄性SD大鼠,断头后行内耳组织切片,用兔抗大鼠AF的特异性多克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,观察AF在内耳组织中的表达情况.结果:AF在内耳组织中分布广泛,呈轻中度阳性反应,反应集中于与内淋巴关系密切的部位,如耳蜗血管纹边缘细胞、螺旋韧带Ⅰ～Ⅴ型纤维细胞分布区、前庭膜、基底膜、壶腹嵴感觉上皮及暗细胞等部位,与外淋巴相关的圆窗膜也存在中重度阳性反应,耳蜗螺旋神经节及前庭、耳蜗神经纤维均有阳性分布.结论:AF在大鼠内耳中分布范围广泛,多集中于与内淋巴关系密切的部位,提示AF可能参与内淋巴中水的调节.     

多巴胺或多巴胺复合去甲肾上腺素对肝移植术中患者血液动力学、氧代谢及肾功能的影响

目的评价原位肝脏移植术(OLT)中持续输注多巴胺或多巴胺复合去甲肾上腺素对血液动力学、组织氧代谢和肾功能的影响。方法拟行OLT的患者30例,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为2组 (n=15)。A组:术中持续输注多巴胺,初始输注速率为1-3μg·kg-1·min-1;B组:术中持续输注多巴胺复合去甲肾上腺素,初始输注速率分别为1-3μg·kg-1·min-1和0．03μg·kg-1·min-1,多巴胺输注速率不超过5μg·kg-1·min-1;术中两组均调节输注速率维持MAP 60-80 mm Hg。分别于切皮前即刻、切肝期1 h、无肝期1 h、新肝期1h和术毕测定血液动力学、组织代谢和肾功能指标。结果两组HR、 MAP均维持较平稳。无肝期两组CVP、MPAP、PAWP、CO、CI、DO2、VO2降低(P<0．05);SVR和SVRI升高(P<0．05),但均在正常范围内。术中PVR、PVRI、pH及SvO2均较平稳。乳酸浓度增高并持续到术毕。两组术中Cr和BUN均在正常范围,B组总尿量高于A组(P相似文献   

完美主义与基督教信仰

目的 考察个体的宗教信仰与完美主义心理之间的关系。方法 采用质的研究方法，对两位受访者（分别为功能障碍型完美主义与健康的完美主义）追行个案研究。结果 两名受访者的基督教（新教）信仰封其完关主义的负面倾向有所矫正，受访者的人际关系和自我认知因为宗教信仰而有所改善。结论 基督教（新教）信仰有利于修正受访者自体表象与权威客体表象的关系。在象征意义上，“上帝”的概念可以理解为“较好的”权威客体表象。     

试论加强国际合作与促进我国医学伦理学教育的发展

原北京医科大学(现为北京大学医学部)从20世纪90年代初开始,积极寻求与美国中华医学基金会的合作以促进医学伦理学的学科发展和国际化水平的提高。十几年来,北京大学医学部作为基地和依托极大地支持和引领了我国医学伦理学的教学改革与发展,增强了相关人员的医学伦理意识以及医学伦理学理论对实践的指导作用,促进了伦理学知识和能力的培训,提升了我国生物医学科研伦理的实力,奠定了医学伦理学继续教育的基础,使医学伦理学实现了系统性和跨越式的发展。     

应用组织芯片技术研究光暴露皮肤与非光暴露皮肤中PCNA的表达

目的:比较光暴露与非光暴露皮肤中增殖细胞抗原的表达。方法:组织芯片按文献报道方法制备,用免疫组化链霉素亲和素-生物素法(Streptavidin-Peroxidase SP法)检测,一抗为1:100鼠抗人单克隆抗体。结果:36例光暴露皮肤组织中14例(38.9%)阳性;19例非光老化皮肤中18例(94.7%)阳性(χ2=4.2,P<0.01)。结论:光暴露部位皮肤组织PCNA蛋白表达较非光暴露部位皮肤组织表达明显减少。日光对细胞增殖因子的表达起抑制作用。推测日光对皮肤组织的增生能力有阻滞作用,加速皮肤老化。     

下颈椎可屈性与寰枢关节Magerl固定术的可行性分析

目的:探讨下颈椎的屈曲程度与后路经寰枢关节螺钉固定术的可能性。方法:回顾已施行经寰枢关节螺钉固定术病例的术前颈椎过屈位X线像,测量C2～C7间的角度,复习手术经过,分析可完成螺钉固定的颈椎曲度及其它相关因素。结果:在已完成后路经寰枢关节螺钉固定术的75例患者中有58例屈颈侧位X线像显示下颈椎呈后凸状态,后凸角平均为17.25°;另17例屈颈侧位片见下颈椎呈前凸状态,但这些病例都是体形瘦长者。结论:后路经寰枢关节螺钉固定术仅适合于下颈椎可以很好屈曲及体形瘦长的病例。     

经腹膜后隙途径腹腔镜活体供肾切取32例

目的 探讨经腹膜后隙途径腹腔镜活体供肾切取的技术和效果。方法 32名供者中，男性15名，女性17名。29例取左肾，3例取右肾。供者全身麻醉，取侧卧位，共选3个穿刺点，第1个穿刺点选在12肋缘下2cm与骶棘肌外侧缘1cm交叉点，第2个穿刺点选在第1个穿刺点向前8～10cm，或肋缘下2cm与腋前线交叉点，第3个穿刺点位于髂棘上2cm与腋中线交叉点，分别插入12mm、10mm和5mm的Trocar。以自制水囊扩张器扩张腹膜后隙，游离供肾和输尿管，前6例用直线切割缝合器切断肾动脉和静脉，后26例用带锁的塑料夹夹闭切断肾动脉和静脉，在第1个穿刺点向下的延长切口将肾取出。结果 32只供肾切取顺利，手术耗时60～180min，出血量20～200ml，供肾热缺血时间3～8min，冷缺血时间25～50min。3只肾静脉较短，分别为1cm、1．5cm和2cm，另有1只供肾动脉内膜损伤。移植术后第1d，受者的尿量为2800-10 100ml，无移植肾功能恢复延迟发生。结论 经腹膜后隙途径腹腔镜活体供肾切取是安全、可行的，对供者创伤小，所获供肾的质量较好，但要求有熟练的腹腔镜技术。     

γ-干扰素对大鼠胚胎基底前脑及隔区核团胆碱能神经元分化的影响

为了研究γ-干扰素(IFNγ)对大鼠胚胎基底前脑及隔区核团胆碱能神经元分化的作用,采用免疫组织化学方法对胆碱能神经元的特异性标记酶-胆碱乙酰基转移酶(ChAT)进行染色,ChAT阳性细胞的数量反映了胆碱能神经元的数量,并用14C-乙酰CoA作底物来检测ChAT活性。结果显示,IFNγ处理过的实验组,ChAT阳性细胞数量显著增加,ChAT活性也增加,这种增加被大鼠抗小鼠IFNγ单克隆抗体(Ab-IFNγ)完全拮抗。采用流式细胞术对细胞周期进行分析,细胞周期及细胞百分率无明显改变。用MAP2标记神经细胞,神经细胞数基本未增加。以上结果提示:IFNγ不能促进基底前脑和隔区神经元增殖,胆碱能神经元表达增加不是因为神经元数目增加而是分化的结果。     

项韧带骨化相关因素及其组织学变化

目的：探讨脊髓型颈椎病患者项韧带骨化的相关因素及其组织学改变特点.方法：将45例脊髓型颈椎病患者根据项韧带有无骨化分为两组,观察并统计两组患者的年龄、性别组成、颈椎椎间退变和颈椎稳定性情况,对各指标与项韧带骨化的关系进行相关性分析,同时观察项韧带骨化的组织学改变.结果：统计分析表明,项韧带骨化和颈椎椎间退行性改变及颈椎不稳定之间具有相关性（P＜0.05）;同时还与患者年龄、性别组成有相关性（P＜0.05）.项韧带骨化的组织学改变以软骨内化骨为主.结论：项韧带骨化与颈椎退行性改变及颈椎椎间关节不稳定具有相关性,组织学改变以软骨内化骨为主.