校园网络环境下的病理生理学自主学习模式研究

目的探讨校园网络环境下的病理生理学自主学习模式。方法随机选取学院2012级临床医学6-7班、10-11班分别为对照组(传统教学模式)和教改组。教改组实施以网络为依托的"联组-整合、自主探究、合作交流"的自主学习模式,对学生考核成绩进行对比分析和问卷调查。结果教改组学生成绩高于对照组,学生的自主学习能力明显提高(P<0.05)。结论以网络为依托的"联组-整合、自主探究、合作交流"的自主学习模式可以实现以学助教,有利于学生的终身发展。     

大型开放式网络课程对创新医学人文教育的启示

医学生和医务人员人文教育不足,其中一个重要原因是目前的教育手段不能满足日渐发展的医学人文教育需求。大型开放式网络课程新平台的优势在于延伸教育功能、拓展教育资源、丰富教育手段、实现教学评估与认证,将成为推动医学人文教育的新动力。教育主管部门和医学院校应围绕医学人文教育新需求联手开发和完善大型开放式网络课程资源,通过新途径培养医学生和医务人员的人文情怀,具体方法包括:规范整合资源、实施个性教导、延长学习时限、增加情景教学、认证学习效果。     

Effectiveness of near-peer simulation for managing the acutely deteriorating patient among residents of an internal medicine junior residency programme

INTRODUCTIONNear-peer teaching is gaining popularity as a teaching modality, as it improves the learner’s understanding, is targeted at an appropriate level and promotes familiarisation. This study was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating near-peer instruction into simulation-based training within a junior residency programme.METHODS42 first-year residents from an internal medicine junior residency programme were recruited. Participants underwent a simulation-based training programme conducted over five weeks. Each week involved either an emergency or acute clinical scenario. A structured questionnaire was administered prior to and after the course to compare participants’ perceived knowledge, experience and confidence in managing the clinical scenarios.RESULTSIn our study, 83% of participants agreed/strongly agreed that the scenarios were realistic. There were improvements in perceived knowledge, experience and confidence after the course. The greatest improvement was seen for experience (post-simulation: median 7.00 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.00‒8.00] vs. pre-simulation: median 5.00 [IQR 3.00–6.25]). 65% of participants were keen to help with future training.CONCLUSIONNear-peer simulation training was found to be a viable and valuable method of instruction for first-year residents for increasing experience, instilling confidence and improving perceived knowledge. Integration of such programmes within medical education curricula shows good promise of continuity, with many first-year residents inspired to organise subsequent sessions.     

Self-reported hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated patients with diabetes mellitus: results from the Singapore cohort of the International Operations Hypoglycaemia Assessment Tool study

INTRODUCTIONHypoglycaemia constitutes a significant barrier to achieving glycaemic control with insulin in both Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The International Operations Hypoglycaemia Assessment Tool (IO HAT) study was designed to determine the incidence of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated patients with T1DM and T2DM.METHODSThe IO HAT study retrospectively and prospectively assessed the incidence of hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus in nine countries. This sub-analysis included patients from Singapore with T1DM or T2DM who were aged ≥ 21 years and had completed two self-assessment questionnaires (SAQ1 and SAQ2).RESULTSOf the 50 T1DM and 320 T2DM patients who completed the SAQ1, 39 T1DM and 265 T2DM patients completed SAQ2; 100% and 90.9%, respectively, experienced at least one hypoglycaemic event prospectively. The incidence rates of any hypoglycaemia were 49.5 events per patient-year (EPPY) and 16.1 EPPY for T1DM and T2DM patients, respectively, in the four-week prospective period. Hypoglycaemia rate did not differ in terms of glycated haemoglobin level. The vast majority of T1DM or T2DM patients (92.0% and 90.7%, respectively) knew the overall definition of hypoglycaemia before study participation, although over half of the patients (T1DM 54.0%, T2DM 51.9%) defined hypoglycaemia based only on symptoms.CONCLUSIONHigh proportions of insulin-treated patients with diabetes mellitus in Singapore reported hypoglycaemic events prospectively, showing that they had underreported hypoglycaemic episodes retrospectively. Patient education can help in improving hypoglycaemia awareness and its management in the region.     

Outcomes following selective fetoscopic laser ablation for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a single-centre experience

INTRODUCTIONFetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP), a treatment option for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic twin pregnancies, is currently the treatment of choice at our centre. We previously reported on our experience of FLP from June 2011 to March 2014. This paper audits our fetal surgery performance since then.METHODS15 consecutive patients who underwent FLP for Stage II–III TTTS before 26 weeks of gestation from June 2011 to January 2017 were retrospectively reviewed, consisting of five cases from our initial experience and ten subsequent cases. Perioperative, perinatal and neonatal outcomes were analysed.RESULTSOf 15 pregnancies, 10 (66.7%) and 5 (33.3%) were for Stage II and III TTTS respectively, with FLP performed at an earlier Quintero stage in the later cohort. Overall mean gestational ages at presentation, laser and delivery were comparable between the cohorts at 19.7 (15.4–24.3) weeks, 20.3 (16.3–25.0) weeks and 31.2 (27.6–37.0) weeks, respectively. 2 (13.3%) cases had intra-amniotic bleeding and 1 (6.7%) had iatrogenic septostomy. 1 (6.7%) case had persistent TTTS requiring repeat FLP, and another (6.7%) had preterm premature rupture of membranes at seven weeks post procedure. The overall perinatal survival rate was 21 (75.0%) out of 28 infants. One mother underwent termination of pregnancy for social reasons at 1.4 weeks post procedure. Double survival occurred in 8 (57.1%) out of 14 pregnancies, while 13 (92.9%) had at least one survivor.CONCLUSIONFLP requires a highly specialised team and tertiary neonatal facility. Continual training improves maternal and perinatal outcomes, ensuring comparable standards with international centres.     

外周血肿瘤异常蛋白在结直肠癌患者中的表达及预后价值研究

目的：研究肿瘤异常蛋白（tumor abnormal protein,TAP）在结直肠癌患者外周血中的表达及预后意义。方法：收集2014年6月至2016年12月确诊的237例结直肠癌患者为研究对象并进行随访,检测患者治疗前外周血中TAP表达情况,利用卡方检验分析TAP表达与结直肠癌患者临床特征的关系,收集患者外周血传统肿瘤标志物CEA和CA19-9的表达数据,分析外周血TAP表达与CEA和CA19-9的关系。利用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线、单因素及多因素Cox回归分析TAP表达与结直肠癌患者预后的关系。结果：237例结直肠癌患者外周血TAP阳性率为59.92%。不同分化程度、不同肌层浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移以及不同Dukes分期的结直肠癌患者之间,外周血TAP的表达差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。外周血TAP表达与CEA和CA19-9的表达无关（P>0.05）。TAP阳性表达组结直肠癌患者的总生存期低于阴性表达组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析校正了年龄、性别、分化程度、肌层浸润深度、淋巴结转移、Dukes分期、CEA表达和CA19-9表达等因素后,外周血TAP的表达与结直肠癌总生存期依然显著相关（HR=2.511,95%CI=1.494～4.221,P<0.05）。此外,外周血TAP对结直肠癌患者生存预后预测的风险比大于传统肿瘤标志物CEA和CA19-9。结论：结直肠癌患者外周血中TAP的表达与肿瘤的恶性程度相关,外周血中TAP的表达可以作为结直肠癌独立的预后指标,对患者的总生存期具有预测作用。     

正性心理暗示与杜冷丁在取卵术中的临床应用效果比较

目的：比较正性心理暗示与杜冷丁在体外受精-胚胎移植经阴道穿刺取卵术中的镇痛效果。方法：采用队列研究方法,将2018年在重庆市妇幼保健院遗传与生殖研究所进行首次体外受精-胚胎移植,年龄＜37岁,无沟通交流障碍及药物过敏史,黄体期短效长方案进行控制性超排卵且卵泡数为5～15枚的患者1 307例,分为杜冷丁组680例（术前半小时肌内注射杜冷丁50 mg）和心理暗示组627例（术前半小时予正性心理暗示）,比较2种方式下患者的术前焦虑评分、术中疼痛感及术后不良反应等。结果：心理暗示组患者术前焦虑评分低于杜冷丁组,差异有统计学意义（t=3.462,P=0.000）,2组患者术中疼痛感差异无统计学意义（ χ2=0.601,P=0.438）;心理暗示组术后血压无下降,杜冷丁组患者术后血压下降明显,差异有统计学意义（t=-5.059,P=0.000）;心理暗示组患者术后不良反应头晕、恶心、呕吐发生率低于杜冷丁组,差异有统计学意义（χ2=1181.762,P=0.000）。结论：在体外受精-胚胎移植经阴道穿刺取卵术前给予患者正性心理暗示,可减少患者焦虑情绪,达到与使用杜冷丁相同的镇痛效果,有效避免因杜冷丁引起的药物不良反应。     

增强的中性粒细胞呼吸爆发对黏液型铜绿假单胞菌生物膜及其藻酸盐的影响

目的：在体内探讨中性粒细胞呼吸爆发增强后对黏液型铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,P.a）生物膜（biofilm,BF）和其重要的胞外基质藻酸盐的影响。方法：建立大鼠气道黏液型P.a BF感染模型,分别用呼吸爆发增强剂（PMA）（BF-PMA组）和生理盐水（BF-对照组）干预,平板计数法检测BF内活菌数目,扫描电镜观察BF的结构;硫酸-咔唑法测定BF内藻酸盐含量;HE染色观察2组肺组织病理损伤情况、ELISA分析炎症反应水平。结果：扫描电镜显示BF-PMA组的BF结构较对照组更复杂、更厚,且BF-PMA组的BF活菌数目明显高于对照组（P=0.000）;BF-PMA组BF内藻酸盐合成明显高于对照组（P=0.004）;HE染色发现BF-PMA组肺组织病理改变更严重,且炎症反应更重,γ干扰素（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）水平较对照组高（P=0.002）,IFN-γ与白介素－１０（interleukin－１０,IL-10）的比值也高于对照组（P=0.023）。结论：在体内中性粒细胞呼吸爆发增强后可能通过促进黏液型P.a BF的重要胞外基质藻酸盐的合成,导致黏液型P.a BF清除更难,同时伴随更严重的病理损害和炎症反应。     

Preoperative level of serum amyloid A is superior to C‐reactive protein in the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Preoperative elevations in the levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) or C‐reactive protein (CRP) have been reported to be prognostic indicators in several malignancies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum levels of SAA and CRP in the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In total, 252 patients with ESCC who had undergone surgery with curative‐intent were retrospectively recruited. The specificity, sensitivity, and prognostic value of SAA or CRP levels were measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The clinical value of SAA and CRP levels as prognostic indicators was evaluated using Cox's proportional hazards model. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates for the entire cohort of patients with ESCC were 71.0%, 61.0%, and 43.0%, respectively. The correlation between the levels of SAA and CRP was significant (r² = 0. 685, P < 0.001). The ROC analysis showed that the levels of CRP were associated with a significantly lower overall accuracy than were the SAA levels (AUC, 0.615 vs. 0.880; P < 0.001). For the complete cohort, the median OS was 52.0 months longer in patients with low preoperative serum levels of SAA (72.0 months) compared with patients who had high SAA levels (20.0 months, P < 0.001). The median OS among patients with low CRP levels was also longer compared with the patients who had high CRP levels (72.0 vs. 51.0 months, respectively; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that the preoperative elevated levels of SAA could find significant differences in OS for stage I, stage II, and stage III (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas the increased levels of CRP could only find a difference in OS for stage II cancers. After a multivariate analysis, preoperative elevated level of SAA was found to be an independently and significant prognostic factor (P < 0.001). Our study indicates that the preoperative levels of SAA and CRP can act as prognostic factors, and that elevated levels of these proteins are associated with negative effects on the survival of patients with ESCC. SAA showed a higher prognostic value than CRP in both cohort and subgroup analysis.