精索静脉曲张手术后患者的管理策略

手术治疗精索静脉曲张在改善精液质量、提高配偶自然怀孕率和缓解局部疼痛症状中的作用已为多数医生所认同。随着手术方式的改进,越来越多的精索静脉曲张患者接受手术治疗,然而,临床对手术后患者的管理还重视不够。本文系统介绍了对精索静脉曲张手术后患者的疗效判断和后续治疗选择,包括观察随诊、非手术治疗方法和再手术。     

输尿管支架管结壳患者尿液菌群的分布特点

目的探讨输尿管支架管结壳患者尿液菌群的分布特点。方法选取2018年10月至2019年3月在山东省立第三医院、山东大学齐鲁医院、济南市中心医院和济南市济钢医院就诊的35例输尿管支架管置入术后患者。纳入标准:年龄18~65岁;输尿管镜碎石术后留置内支架管4周。排除标准:尿液细菌培养阳性;严重肉眼血尿;近期口服抗生素;存在明显残石患者。本研究采用横断面研究方法(临床研究注册号为ChiCTR1800020025),根据有无支架管结壳将患者分为结壳组23例和无结壳组12例。收集拔管当日患者尿液行细菌16s DNA检测。使用UPARSE、UCHIME和RDP calssifier等软件分析两组患者尿液菌群分布特点,明确两组患者尿液中细菌种类总数、细菌丰度,以及丰度占比较大的细菌类别,比较两组患者尿液细菌种类、数量及细菌丰度的差异,明确结壳组患者尿液中丰度占比较大的细菌菌属。结果两组患者的年龄、性别、体质指数、置管侧别、内支架管型号及结石成分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。16s DNA检测结果显示,结壳组丰度占比>1%的菌属数量为11个,丰度占比>0.01%的菌属数量为74个;无结壳组丰度占比>1%的菌属数量为7个,丰度占比>0.01%的菌属数量为11个,两组丰度占比>1%的菌属数量比较差异有统计学意义(t=5.12,P=0.000)。结壳组中菌属丰度占比前3位分别为乳杆菌属(23.1%)、拟杆菌属(18.8%)和未分级拟杆菌属(17.1%),非结壳组中菌属丰度占比前3位分别是为埃希菌-志贺菌属(32.2%)、肠球菌属(24.9%)和假单胞菌属(18.2%)。两组间差异最大的3种细菌是乳杆菌属(P=0.010),拟杆菌属(P=0.004)和未分级拟杆菌属(P=0.004)。结论支架管结壳患者尿液中细菌种类和数量都明显多于非支架管结壳患者。拟杆菌属细菌在支架管结壳患者尿液中的细菌种类丰度较大。     

直线吻合器在全喉切除术中的应用

目的探讨一次性直线型吻合器在喉癌手术中的应用效果。方法选取我科2019年10例全喉切除手术患者,采用随机分组方法,分为封闭法和半封闭法两组。总结比较所用手术时间、术中出血量、术后咽瘘感染的发生率。结果所有手术都顺利完成,会厌软骨残留1例,咽瘘1例。结论直线吻合器在全喉切除术中具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Exact confidence intervals for the average causal effect on a binary outcome

Based on the physical randomization of completely randomized experiments, in a recent article in Statistics in Medicine, Rigdon and Hudgens propose two approaches to obtaining exact confidence intervals for the average causal effect on a binary outcome. They construct the first confidence interval by combining, with the Bonferroni adjustment, the prediction sets for treatment effects among treatment and control groups, and the second one by inverting a series of randomization tests. With sample size n, their second approach requires performing O(n⁴)randomization tests. We demonstrate that the physical randomization also justifies other ways to constructing exact confidence intervals that are more computationally efficient. By exploiting recent advances in hypergeometric confidence intervals and the stochastic order information of randomization tests, we propose approaches that either do not need to invoke Monte Carlo or require performing at most O(n²)randomization tests. We provide technical details and R code in the Supporting Information . Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Clinical Diagnostic Implications of Body Fluid MiRNA in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis

Oral cancer, predominantly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is one of the most leading causes of cancers worldwide. Due to a low 5-year survival rate, highly effective methods for the early detection of OSCC are totally needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as promising biomarkers, can bring insights into tumorigenesis of oral cancers. However, studies on the accuracy of miRNAs detection in OSCC have inconsistent conclusions, leading us to conduct this meta-analysis. The aim of this study was to systematically review the articles investigating the diagnostic value of miRNAs in OSCC.The PubMed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science were searched (updated to June 11th, 2015) to identify all articles evaluating the diagnostic yield of miRNAs for OSCC. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and other diagnostic parameters were used to assess the performance of miRNAs assays on OSCC detection. Statistical analysis was conducted by employing the R software.The present meta-analysis comprised 23 studies from 10 articles, including 598 OSCC patients and 320 healthy individuals, available for analysis. The summary receiver operator characteristic (SROC) curve was plotted. Meanwhile, the pooled diagnostic parameters and the area under curve (AUC) were calculated based on all included studies. The pooled diagnostic parameters calculated from all 23 studies were as follows: pooled sensitivity of 0.759 (95% CI: 0.701–0.809), pooled specificity of 0.773 (95% CI: 0.713–0.823) and AUC of 0.832, which indicates a relatively high diagnostic accuracy of miRNAs in differentiating OSCC patients from healthy controls. Meanwhile, In addition, subgroup analyses were conducted to access the heterogeneity between studies, which is based on specimen (serum/plasma/blood/saliva/ tissue) and ethnicity (Asian/Caucasian).In summary, our meta-analysis suggests that miRNAs might be used in noninvasive screening tests for OSCC, which needs further large-scale studies to be validated.     

煅石膏的研究进展及含钙止血材料应用概况

矿物药是传统中医药的重要组成部分，具有悠久的应用历史。其中矿物止血药对多种出血病证的临床应用广泛、用药经验丰富且疗效显著。石膏作为临床常用的矿物药，生石膏的功效为清热泻火、除烦止渴，而煅石膏为生石膏经高温煅烧的炮制品，主要由无水硫酸钙（CaSO₄）组成，具有收湿、生肌、敛疮、止血的功效，常外用于治疗溃疡不敛、湿疹瘙痒、水火烫伤、外伤出血等。止血机制研究表明，Ca²⁺作为凝血因子Ⅳ参与凝血过程的内外凝血级联多个关键环节，并且参与调节血小板活化、聚集，促进生成不溶性纤维蛋白，最终形成血凝块防止出血。Ca²⁺是重要的止血物质基础，但是石膏、煅石膏均含有Ca²⁺，煅石膏具有显著的止血作用，而石膏没有止血作用，石膏经过炮制后性味、功效发生了明显改变，体现了炮制特色，但目前尚未完全阐明煅石膏的炮制机制。因此，该文对石膏煅制前后比较研究情况进行总结与分析，围绕煅制工艺、晶型比较、元素含量、药效比较等进行综述，并总结Ca²⁺参与止血的各个环节。此外，对其他含钙矿物药及新型含钙止血材料如海藻酸钙、介孔硅酸钙和纳米凝胶止血材料的止血性能进行探讨，以期为阐明煅石膏的炮制机制提供借鉴，为临床辨证使用煅石膏提供依据，并为后续新型含钙止血材料的开发提供借鉴。