健血升白冲剂对小鼠造血功能的影响

目的：研究健血升白冲剂对小鼠血液系统的影响。方法：以骨髓细胞计数，白细胞计数和血象为指标，观察健血升白冲剂对正常小鼠和化学及放射损伤小鼠的影响。结果：健血升白冲剂明显增加正常小鼠白细胞计数（Ｐ＜００１），显著改善环磷酰胺诱导小鼠白细胞和骨髓细胞的减少作用（分别为Ｐ＜００５，Ｐ＜００１），并能显著增加６０Ｃｏ放射损伤小鼠骨髓细胞（Ｐ＜００１）和白细胞（Ｐ＜００１）。结论：健血升白冲剂对化学及放射损伤小鼠血液系统有明显的保护及改善作用。是一个有开发价值的药物。     

Intravenous cyclophosphamide is the drug of choice for steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome

BACKGROUND: Steroid dependency is a major problem seen after therapy for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Although there is consensus about the usage of cyclophosphamide (CYC) in frequent relapsers, there is still a controversy concerning its usage in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). METHODS: In the present study, nineteen children with SDNS were treated with CYC: ten via the intravenous (i.v.) route, and nine via the oral route. Remission was then maintained with prednisolone. Oral CYC therapy consisted of CYC at a dose of 2 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks. Intravenous (i.v.) CYC therapy consisted of CYC 500 mg/m2 per month (with intravenous 3500 cc/m2 per 24 h one-third saline hydration) for 6 months. RESULTS: The cumulative dose of CYC was 168 mg/kg in the oral group and 132 mg/kg in the IV group. Daily oral CYC dose was 1.96~0.31 mg/kg, whereas i.v. CYC dose was 0.73~0.03 mg/kg. Long-term complications and side-effects such as alopecia, infection and hemorrhagic cystitis were not observed in the i.v. CYC treated group. In the long term, the dosage of prednisolone that held remission after CYC, the annualized relapse rates and the subsequent relapse time were significantly better in the i.v. CYC group, and the number of patients in remission for 2 years was significantly higher in the i.v. treated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In SDNS, i.v. CYC has a long lasting effect with lower annualized relapse rates and longer subsequent relapse time with a lower steroid dosage required to maintain remission than oral CYC. The results of the present study showed the safety of the i.v. route, and it is the preferable treatment in noncompliant patients for its long lasting remission and simple and inexpensive follow up.     

Protective effects of cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A and FK506 against antigen-induced lung eosinophilia in guinea-pigs.

A close association has been recognized between activated T cells and eosinophils in asthma, albeit circumstantial. The present study attempted to investigate this relationship in an animal model of lung eosinophilia using the new generation of T cell-selective immunosuppressants, cyclosporin A and FK506, compared with the myelotoxic immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide. Antigen challenge of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs resulted in a lung eosinophilia which was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. All three agents caused a marked suppression of lung eosinophilia at 24 h post-challenge when the compounds were administered at the time of sensitization but not when administered for 3 days before lavage. However, the lung eosinophilia at 72 h post-challenge was reduced significantly by FK506 and by cyclophosphamide, but not by cyclosporin A, when the drugs were administered for 3 days, before lavage. These results strongly suggest the involvement of T cells in antigen-induced late phase (72 h) eosinophilia in guinea-pigs but not at 24 h. The effects of cyclophosphamide were always associated with a reduction in circulating white cell counts, whereas cyclosporin A and FK506 showed no myelotoxic properties. These results suggest the potential therapeutic use of selective, non-cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents in asthma.     

细脚拟青霉对大鼠血液蛋白质水平及其生长的影响

用１０％细脚拟青霉水煎剂１．０ｍｌ·ｄ（－１）给大鼠灌胃，连续２１ｄ，对ｉｐ环磷酰胺（２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ（－１）×７ｄ）所致免疫抑制大鼠血液中血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、球蛋白水平下降及体重减轻等均有显著的保护和逆转作用；对正常大鼠血液中血红蛋白水平也有显著提高。提示：细脚拟青霉可改善机体的营养状况，促进生长，逆转免疫抑制作用。     

钩吻对环磷酰胺化疗小鼠的造血保护作用

用钩吻乙醇粗提物对小鼠肉瘤１８０（Ｓ１８０）生长抑制实验结果表明，其对Ｓ１８０无明显抑制作用，也未显示出能增强环磷酰胺（Ｃｙ）的抗瘤效应，但能明显减慢Ｃｙ化疗所致白细胞下降的速度和减轻白细胞降低的程度。提示钩吻对Ｃｙ化疗小鼠的造血功能具有保护作用。     

墨旱莲抗环磷酰胺诱导的胸腺细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 研究中药墨旱莲(Eclipta Prostrata L)对环磷酰胺(CY)诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。方法 小鼠腹腔注射CY，建立胸腺细胞凋亡模型，同时用墨旱莲灌胃进行治疗。应用电镜、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳，研究墨旱莲对环磷酰胺(CY)诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。结果 电镜、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示环磷酰胺组出现典型的细胞凋亡表现，墨旱莲组较环磷酰胺组有一定程度的改善。结论 墨旱莲能不同程度抑制CY诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡。     

An open add-on study on cyclophosphamide in patients with refractory myasthenic crisis

Objective: To assess the efficacy and side effects of cyclophosphamide on refractory myasthenic crisis. Methods: Five patients of myasthenic crisis refractory to usual comprehensive treatment, entered an open additional study with cyclophosphamide 200 mg VD q. d or 400 mg VD q. o. d with 6-10 g of total dosage. The patients were followed up for 1-8 years. Results: All the 5 patients were effectively treated with obvious remission in 3 and improvement in 2. Two patients have returned to partial work. The side effects were tolerable. Conclusion: The present clinical trial showed that cyclophosphamide was effective, particularly in a long term as an additional therapy for treating MG patients with refractory crisis of myasthenia gravis.     

Response of Orbital and Central Nervous System Metastases of Retinoblastoma Following Treatment with Cyclophosphamide/Doxorubicin

A 3.5-year-old boy with orbital and central nervous system extension of unilateral retinoblastoma received chemotherapy consisting of intravenous cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin and intrathecal methotrexate. Complete shrinkage of orbital tumor, phthisis bulbi,'and disappearance of intracranial metastases occurred following chemotherapy. Response of the intra-cranial tumors reflected the combined effects of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin; the contribution of each agent could not be assessed. Cerebrospinal fluid tumor cells persisted prior to delivery of craniospinal irradiation, and were detected again 6 weeks after completion of irradiation.     

Chemical derivatization as a strategy to enhance detectability of agents used in cancer management

The bioanalysis of drugs used in the management of cancer is often complicated by the lack of selectivity and sensitivity. Chemical derivatization of these drugs prior to their chromatographic analysis represents a viable strategy to improve chromatographic resolution and to enhance detectability. This review provides examples of how this approach can meet these objectives. Derivatization of racemic cyclophosphamide with a chiral acylating agent, following hydroxyalkylation to introduce a reactive centre into the molecule, provides the basis for its stereospecific analysis. The analysis of dianhydrogalactitol is described, in which diethyldithiocarbamate is used as a nucleophilic derivatizing agent that improves chromatographic behaviour and analytical sensitivity. The final example that is described is the design and preparation of improved fluorogenic reagents (o-phthalaldehyde analogues) for the derivatization of peptides and application of these reagents to the trace analysis of leu-enkephalin in plasma.