Efficacy of atropine,orthokeratology, and combined atropine with orthokeratology for childhood myopia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background/PurposeOrthokeratology (Ortho-K), atropine eye drops and combined atropine with Ortho-K are proven to be effective ways to prevent myopic progression in many studies, but there is scarce evidence regarding the comparative efficacy of different dosages of atropine,Ortho-K, and combined atropine with Ortho-K for childhood myopia.MethodsWe performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to assess the relative efficacy of the aforementioned interventions for myopic progression; moreover, we calculated the surface under cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) to determine the relative ranking of treatments.ResultsWe identified 19 randomized controlled trials (3435 patients). NMA revealed that 0.01%–1% atropine, Ortho-K, and 0.01% atropine combined with Ortho-K inhibited axial elongation (AL) over one year. For refractive change, SUCRA analysis revealed that the hierarchy was high-dose (0.5%–1%), moderate-dose (0.1%–0.25%), and low-dose (0.01%–0.05%) atropine. Regarding AL, SUCRA analysis revealed the following hierarchy: Ortho-K combined with 0.01% atropine, high-dose atropine, moderate-dose atropine, Ortho-K, and low-dose atropine.ConclusionIn conclusion, we found that atropine (0.01%–1%), Ortho-K, and 0.01% atropine combined with Ortho-K could significantly slow down myopia progression. The atropine efficacy followed a dose-related pattern; moreover, Ortho-K and low-dose atropine showed similar efficacy. There was a synergistic effect of using 0.01% atropine combined with Ortho-K, and it showed comparable efficacy to that of high-dose atropine.     

Functional mechanism underlying cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat small intestine following administration of indomethacin: Relation to intestinal hypermotility

Background and Aim:  We recently reported that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is upregulated in the rat small intestine after administration of indomethacin, and this may be the key to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced intestinal damage. The present study investigated the mechanism for COX-2 expression induced in the rat small intestine by indomethacin, in relation with ulcerogenic processes.
Methods:  Animals were given indomethacin or SC-560 p.o., and the intestinal mucosa was examined 24 h later.
Results:  Indomethacin caused hemorrhagic lesions in the small intestine, accompanied with an increase in intestinal motility, bacterial invasion and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, as well as the expression of COX-2 mRNA in the mucosa. Although SC-560 did not cause any damage, this agent caused intestinal hypermotility, the bacterial invasion and the upregulation of COX-2 expression. The mucosal PGE₂ content was decreased by SC-560 at 3 h but recovered 12 h later, and this recovery of PGE₂ was attenuated by both atropine and ampicillin, in addition to rofecoxib. The intestinal hypermotility response to indomethacin was prevented by both 16,16-dimethyl PGE₂ and atropine, but not ampicillin. Yet all these agents inhibited not only the bacterial invasion but also the expression of COX-2 and iNOS activity in the intestinal mucosa following indomethacin treatment, resulting in the prevention of intestinal lesions.
Conclusion:  These results suggest that COX-2 expression in the intestinal mucosa following the administration of indomethacin is associated with intestinal hypermotility and bacterial invasion. The intestinal hypermotility caused by COX-1 inhibition may be a key to COX-2 expression after administration of NSAIDs and their intestinal ulcerogenic properties.     

Distension-induced gastric accommodation in functional dyspepsia: effect of autonomic manipulation

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is associated with impaired gastric accommodation and autonomic dysregulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of autonomic manipulation on distension-induced gastric accommodation in subjects with and without FD, using a newly developed gastric barostat paradigm. Twelve healthy subjects (HS) and 18 subjects with FD had four barostat examinations each: no intervention, intravenous atropine (1 mg), vagal stimulation (mental relaxation with deep breathing) and acute stress stimulation (serial subtraction task). Intrabag pressure increased from 1 to 15 mmHg in 5 min (ramp phase), and was maintained at 15 mmHg for 5 min (tonic phase). Volume responses were analysed using predefined parameters. There were no significant group differences in accommodation variables between HS and subjects with FD. The FD group could be subdivided into two distinct subgroups: subgroup 1 (n = 7, 38%) with low maximum volume and accommodation rate, and subgroup 2 with normal accommodation (n = 11). In subgroup 1, but not in subgroup 2 atropine increased maximum volume and accommodation rate substantially. Neither mental stress nor mental relaxation changed any of the accommodation variables. In a subgroup of subjects with FD, impairment of distension-induced gastric accommodation can be improved by cholinergic blockade, but not by acute physiological autonomic manipulation.     

刺激颈迷走神经引起的心动过速及其对心脏功能的影响

刺激犬的颈迷走神经外周端时可引起心动过缓,而对心脏的抑制作用则逐渐减弱,表现为心率逐渐恢复(但比对照慢)。刺激后DBP立即下降,而SBP系逐渐下降,且下降程度没有DBP大。在刺激时及停止后均出现ES,其分别占刺激次数的47％和53％。在刺激停止后出现PVT(平均加速24.5次/min),PVT期间R波和BP波数不等,SV和BP轻度降低。LVET缩短和PEP/LVET比值升高,出现ES时,SV和BP较ES前显著降低。反映PVT时心脏功能降低。PVT的要理不太清楚,本研究表明反射性迷走撤退在PVT中不起作用。Q-T/Q-S_2比值增大是CA释放的间接证据。心得安可减弱PVT,阿托品可增强PVT,说明PVT由迷走静经释放CA所致。     

有机磷农药中毒用纳络酮治疗的作用探讨

目的 探讨纳络酮在治疗急性有机磷农药中毒的作用机制.方法 将急性有机磷农药中毒患者诊断及分析作一探讨.随机分为纳络酮治疗组和常规对照组.结果 纳络酮治疗组治愈率为97.5%,而对照组为84.6%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性有机磷农药中毒选用纳络酮可提高抢救成功率.     

电刺激兔大脑皮层运动区引起缩瞳反应

电刺激麻醉兔的大脑皮层运动区的某些点,可引起双侧瞳孔缩小和心率减慢。切断双侧颈交感神经干对缩瞳反应无影响,阻断副交感神经对瞳孔括约肌作用后,缩瞳反应明显减弱。切断双侧迷走神经,心率减慢反应减弱,静脉注射心得安后,心率减慢反应则完全消失。结果表明兔大脑皮层运动区内存在缩瞳区及心率减慢区。     

阿托品联用参麦注射液治疗眩晕症疗效观察--附98例报告

目的观察、评价联用阿托品、参麦注射液治疗眩晕症的临床疗效.方法基本确诊后的144例眩晕症病人随机分为两组(治疗组与对照组例数按大约2:1的比例分配),所有病人均予静滴等量的能量合剂等基本治疗.治疗组98例采用阿托品、参麦注射液治疗,对照组46例采用阿托品、复方丹参注射液治疗.比较两组的疗效.结果治疗组较对照组治愈时间缩短、治愈率提高,治疗组总有效率97.96%,两组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论阿托品与参麦注射液联合治疗眩晕症效果理想.     

阿托品对胆囊切除术心率变异性的影响

目的 观察腹腔镜胆囊切除时心率变异性(HRV)变化及阿托品预防心动过缓时对HRV的影响。方法 21例胆囊切除术病人按术前心电图诊断分为心动过缓组和非心动过缓组,心动过缓病人麻醉诱导前加用阿托品0.5mg,术中监测HRV和心率。结果 两组病人胆囊切除中低频率/高频率(LF/HF)均显著低于术前基础值(P<0.05)。心动过缓组诱导后HF无明显变化,胆囊切除中显著降低(P<0.01);非心动过缓组则显著升高(P<0.01)。结论 胆囊切除术中,心动过缓者预防性使用阿托品可阻止迷走神经兴奋性增加,但并不能恢复植物神经系统的平衡。     

Effects of Vagal and Sympathetic Nerves on Transmembrane Potential of Cardiac Ventricular Cells of Toad

The effects of vagal and sympathetic nerves on the transmembranepotentials of cardiac cells of toad were observed by means of microelectrodetechnique.The vagal nerve was stimulated there would be an increase in restingpotential and acceleration in repolarization of action potential(AP).However,ifatropine was used before stimulation the above-mentioned phenomena woulddisappear.When the sympathetic nerve was stimulated the AP amplitudeincreased,but resting potential(RP)remained the same.The increase of APresulted from the increases of overshoot.When the sympathetic nerve wasstimulated although the heart rate increased and the duration of AP wasshortened,the plateau phase of AP was prolonged.These results suggest that theeffects of vagal and sympathetic nerves on the transmembrane potential of cardiacventricular cells are coordinated and the normal characteritics of transmembranepotential are maintained by both the vagal and sympathetic nerves.