小儿头孢菌素致抗生素相关性腹泻64例分析

目的了解头孢菌素导致抗生素相关性腹泻的基本情况。方法对64例头孢菌素致抗生素相关性腹泻进行临床观察。结果本组头孢菌素致抗生素相关性腹泻以6个月～3岁年龄组发生率最高。其中第3代头孢菌素所致抗生素相关性腹泻的腹泻程度重于第1代。临床表现和实验室检查均缺乏特异性。结论头孢菌素致抗生素相关性腹泻比较常见,应引起临床医师在用药时的重视。     

4种头孢菌素的抗生素后效应影响因素

目的：研究头孢呋辛（ＣＸＭ）、头孢噻肟（ＣＴＸ）、头孢哌酮（ＣＰＺ）、头孢地嗪（ＣＤＺＭ）的抗生素后效应及药物浓度、接触时间、菌种等因素的影响。方法：采用ＡＶＡＮＴＡＧＥ全勇自动微生物分析仪、用光密度法测定４种抗生素不同浓度对２种共１２株临床常见致病菌不同反应时间的体外抗生素后效应（ＰＡＥ）。结果：４种头孢菌素类药物对革兰阳性球菌有较明显的ＰＡＥ，对革兰阴性杆菌ＰＡＥ较小甚至没有或为负值；药物浓度     

Effect of β-lactam antibiotics on the in vitro development of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objective   To investigate whether stepwise selection of resistance mutations may mirror the continued bacterial exposure to antibiotics that occurs in the clinical setting.
Methods   We examined the in vitro development of resistance to a number of commonly used antibiotics (cefepime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, piperacillin and imipenem) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a significant nosocomial pathogen. Stepwise resistance was assessed by serial passage of colonies located nearest to the inhibition zone on antibiotic-containing gradient plates.
Results   The lowest frequencies of spontaneous resistance mutations were found with cefepime and imipenem; these drugs also resulted in the slowest appearance of resistance of spontaneous resistance mutations. In five wild-type P. aeruginosa strains, cefepime-selected isolates required a mean of 30 passages to reach resistance; resistance occurred more rapidly in strains selected with other cephalosporins. P. aeruginosa strains that produced β -lactamase or non-enzymatic resistance generally developed resistance more rapidly than wild-type strains. For most strains, resistance to all antibiotics except imipenem correlated with increased levels of β -lactamase activity. Cross-resistance of cephalosporin-selected resistant mutants to other cephalosporins was common. Cephalosporin-resistant strains retained susceptibility to imipenem and ciprofloxacin.
Conclusions   From our in vitro study, we can conclude that the rate of development of resistance of P. aeruginosa is lower with cefepime compared with other cephalosporines.     

头孢菌素类抗生素的耐药性比较研究

实验应用分光光度计观察了体外培养基中细菌在CPT,CTZ,β—内酰胺酶以及酶抑制剂MCIPC单独和相互作用下的生长浊度变化。①分别单用CPT(10MIC)和CTZ(15MIC)均可溶解细菌;而当加入微量酶液则可明显拮抗。②上述实验系统中同时加用MCIPC(1/16MIC)则能翻转酶对CPT和CTZ溶菌作用的拮抗而出现溶菌。③但当CPT或CTZ分别与酶在菌液中孵育10分或30分钟后,再加用等量MCIPC时仅能翻转酶对第三代头孢菌素-CTZ的拮抗,重新再现溶菌作用,而此时对第一代头孢菌素—CPT的溶菌作用则不能再现。该实验为第三代头孢菌素的非水解屏障耐药机制提供了重要依据。     

337 株肠杆菌科细菌超广谱 β－内酰胺酶的检测及耐药分析

目的：测定３３７株肠杆菌科细菌产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ＥＳＢＬｓ）情况。了解产酶株组与非产酶株组对临床常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法：用双纸片协同试验筛选产ＥＳＢＬｓ株,采用Ｋ－Ｂ法测定产酶株与非产酶株对临床常用抗生素的敏感性。结果：３１株肠杆菌科细菌为产ＥＳＢＬｓ株。１９９８～１９９９年度产酶率（１２．９％）显著高于１９９６～１９９７年度产酶率（４．２％）。产酶株组对３代头孢和氨曲南、安美汀、特美汀耐     

头孢菌素类抗生素的ADR监察

调查了国内外报道的有关头孢菌素的不良反应,结果表明,头孢菌素是一类较安全的抗生素。与其他类抗生素引起的不良反应相比,其药物副反应（ＡＤＲ）例次较少,但在常规应用剂量下,它也可以引起一些不良反应,有些甚至是十分严重的反应。我国ＡＤＲ监察工作刚刚起步,药物的ＡＤＲ监察制度尚不健全,因此,需逐步宣传普及ＡＤＲ监察工作的性质、目的、意义,确保临床合理用药的安全性。     

头孢类抗生素国内市场状况

目的为国内制药企业及相关科研单位的品种开发提供参考。方法根据所查阅的文献综述了近年来国内头孢类抗生素品种的发展状况、生产厂家、产量及医院用药情况。结果与结论提供了国内头孢类抗生素的开发品种及最新进展     

3种头孢菌素类抗生素治疗下呼吸道感染的成本-效果分析

目的评价3种头孢菌素类抗生素治疗下呼吸道感染的成本-效果.方法运用药物经济学成本-效果分析法对头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠组(A组)、头孢唑肟钠组(B组)、拉氧头孢钠组(C组)3种治疗方案进行回顾性分析评价.结果3种治疗方案中,头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠组成本最低.结论3种头孢菌素类抗生素中,头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠是治疗下呼吸道感染的最佳药物.     

The safety of cefepime in the treatment of infection

Background: Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin usually reserved for treating severe nosocomial pneumonia, as well as empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia, uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Objective: Since reports of neurotoxic effects and of an all-cause mortality higher with cefepime than with comparators have created some concerns regarding its safety, this paper reviews data available in the PubMed database up to December 2007 on cefepime safety. Methods: Literature data from PubMed obtained by combining cefepime and safety, or cefepime and clinical trials, were examined. Results/conclusions: Caution in the use of cefepime should be adopted until new evidence on cefepime safety is available.